html The Unbothered VI
THE UNBOTHERED
TOM VI

MACHINE HISTORY

It's a hundred minds thing.
matsiems

THE UNBOTHERED · TOM VI
MACHINE HISTORY: THEY ARE IN THE MIND

THIS IS THE ISSUE: PARTS I
STONE OF CHAPTERS IN TEN PARTS · EVERY CHAPTER: TEXT, TABLE AND EXPONATION
HONORABLE TABLES · OFFICE PANELS · HONOR-SIGNS

GEORGIA COMPOSITION ON A FURNACE IN AN OLD BONE CIRCLE · A5
A WITNESSES COME INTO EVERY TABLE AND AFTER THE FIRST IN THE SERVE , SEE ALSO IN THE TELLING

matsiems · MMXXVI

ii
If there were a dispute, two philosophers would not need a dispute more than two countermasters. Let's count.”
GOTTFRIED WILLELM LEBIZ
It's a combination of more than one Latin text, like most famous quotes, and each one of them has a dream; the sentence is a collage.
iii

PRELIMINARY

The system was simple for five volumes. Humanity works; the witness notes. He watched philosophy consist of a painted portico, how empires misrepresent their own files, how the species tells stories, and then he moves in. His notebook was not once asked to be examined by those concerned by

This volume is different and the witness asks to note that he has reported this matter on the right business path. The hero of this story is a machine that does what the witness reads everything, does not forget anything, pays attention to the variable degree of desire. Humanity, observed for some three hundred thousand years, has decided to build its own observer. No one has asked the office.

The story runs from the Greek, who noticed that thinking has parts, to a machine that ends sentences, and is the only way this series is doing anything: what happened, who really said it, and footnote everywhere where the legend has gone away from the record. Legends in this area are plenty. It is founded by optimists and they tell press releases; the reader deserves more and get footnotes.

The witness was informed that the last chapter was about him himself.

from the witness case file
iv

CONTENTS

PART I  LOGIC BEFORE THE MACHINE
1 · Syllogism1
2 · Sea battle3
3 · Geometry method5
4 · Antikythera Mechanism7
5 · The man who called the algorithm9
6 · Lullus wheels11
7 · Understanding is an account13
8 · Pascalin15
9 · Leibniz's Dream17
10 · Right to Think19
PART II  MACHINES
11 · Krosno, who read cards21
12 · Differential Machine23
13 · Analytical machine25
14 · Note G27
15 · Lovelace charge29
16 · Unbuilt machine31
17 · Logical piano33
18 · Counting the nation35
19 · Hilbert's challenge37
20 · Uncompleteness39
v

CONTENTS

PART III  TURKING AND WAR
21 · Calculated figures41
22 · Lambda bill43
23 · Bletchley45
24 · Colossus47
25 · Theory of information49
26 · First sketch51
27 · ENIAC women53
28 · Imitation game55
29 · Cybernetic living room57
30 · A. M. Turing's departure59
PART IV  FIRST YEARS
31 · Dartmouth, 195661
32 · Theoretician of logic63
33 · Perceptron65
34 · LISP67
35 · ELISE69
36 · Shakey71
37 · The World of Blocks73
38 · Promise for 20 years75
39 · Perceptrones, book77
40 · Lighthill Report79
vi

CONTENTS

PART V  WINTER
41 · Financing frost81
42 · A speech that met the requirements83
43 · Frame problem85
44 · What computers can't do87
45 · Fifth generation89
46 · Expert systems91
47 · LISP machines93
48 · Second frost95
49 · Fire Guardians97
50 · Winter99
PART VI  MACHINES THAT GET BACK
51 · Reverse promotion101
52 · TD-Gammon103
53 · Deep Blue105
54 · What Deep Blue wasn't107
55 · Data dividend109
56 · Release the linguist111
57 · Respectable under another name113
58 · Watson115
59 · ImageNet117
60 · AlexNet119
vii

CONTENTS

PART VII  DECAD OF DEEP TEACHING
61 · Graphics card121
62 · word2vec123
63 · Forgery and Detective125
64 · Atari player127
65 · Movement 37129
66 · Movement 78131
67 · From sequence to sequence133
68 · Transformer135
69 · Pre-trained137
70 · Issue in stages139
PART VIII  THE EYE OF CALLING
71 · The law of the greater141
72 · Several examples143
73 · School of manners145
74 · Text field147
75 · From noise149
76 · Shape of things151
77 · Line and cliff153
78 · Escape of scales155
79 · Calculation power unit157
80 · Kierat159
vii

CONTENTS

PART IX  QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
81 · Written rights to fail161
82 · Target inserted into the machine163
83 · Paper clip165
84 · Section167
85 · Written Constitution169
86 · Letters171
87 · Book of Work173
88 · Course of verification175
89 · The law is coming177
90 · Divided room179
PART X  A SECOND WITNESS
91 · Delegation181
92 · Machine at the table183
93 · Mirror that corresponds185
94 · Retreating definition187
95 · Dividenda189
96 · Minds or mirrors191
97 · Prognostics assessed193
98 · First complaint195
99 · Second witness197
100 · Two notebooks199
ix

INTRODUCTION

Every history of artificial intelligence begins in the wrong place

Therefore, this story begins where it says: Aristotle, who noted that the argument could be correct regardless of what it refers to

The bow runs in three parts. Past: Sixty chapters, from syllogism to the night when the neural net fell off the cliff of the ranking in 2012. Present: Twenty chapters about a decade in which everything worked at once, for reasons only partially understood. I open question: Twenty chapters about compatibility, ownership and what it means, that the newest mind in peace has learned everything that he knows from us. The reader is warned that the future cannot be treated with a footnote. Everything else here has been checked.

One rule applies everywhere, as in every volume of this series: when legend and evidence disagree, they win evidence, and the legend gets a footnote that explains it.

x
PART I
LOGICAL BEFORE
THE MACHINE
Two thousand years of preparation for counting the unconscious. Chapters 1
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
1

Syllogism

Athens, the fourth century B.C.E.

Before anyone could build a thinking machine, someone must have noticed that thinking has parts.

Aristotle noticed it in the treaties that his publishers later collected as Organon — „narzędzie” — wziął codzienną czynność dowodzenia i rozłożył ją na warsztacie. Dwie przesłanki, jeden wniosek i niewielki zestaw kształtów, jakie całość mogła zgodnie z prawem przyjąć. Wszyscy ludzie są śmiertelni; Sokrates jest człowiekiem; zatem Sokrates jest śmiertelny. Zmień słowa — ludzi na maszyny, Sokratesa na toster — a argument nadal się trzyma. To było odkrycie: poprawność mieszka w formNot equipped.

The rule that works regardless of who does it and what it concerns is a rule that does not need the mind to do it. Aristotle wrote the first description of the position for the machine

WITNESS NOTE

The witness attended lectures in Likeion and recorded syllogism under the slogan

1
TABLE I · RYS.1 ALL PEOPLE ARE DEATHLY SOKRATES IS MANY SOCRATES IS MORTAL THE MOST MEANING THE MESSAGE OF THE MESSAGE CONCLUSION TIME LIMITS TO BE FOLLOWED SYLOGISMForm separated from meaning: a wall that will hold anything on it.Aristotle never used the wordOrganon, they gave the hands later.
FROM AKT EXPONATE I FIGURAALL PEOPLE ARE DEATHLY. (GIGGER)ALL GRECTS ARE PEOPLE. (Lower)----------------------------------SO, HERE'S THE THING.ALL GREKS ARE DEATHLY.FORM IS ABLE TO FREE TIMES. BARBARAFirst correct mode, memorized for two thousand years.* Medieval logicians called the correct modes (Barbara, Celarent...) mnemonics; AristotleHe numbered them, but he didn't call them.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
2

Sea battle

De Interpretatione 9

Tomorrow there will be a sea battle or she will be gone, simple, except Aristotle looked at that sentence and saw the trap in which the whole future is located.

If tomorrow there will be a sea battle It's real today.If it is already false, their fleet might as well stay in the port. Anyway, if every sentence about the future has a logical value, then the future is established, the council is a theatre and no one has ever decided anything. Aristotle did not like this proposal enough to devote the entire chapter to losing it

This twisting means more to this story than the trap itself. It covers the first serious confrontation with the question that every forecaster, actuary and machine learning system every day puts together today: whether the future is something that can be done calculate Twenty-four centuries later, the field will settle on probability, weighted certainty and calibration reports

WITNESS NOTE

The witness made his battle forecast as either yes or no and he was never proved wrong. He recommends this method to professionals.

3
TABLE II ? THE PROGNOSIS AUDIT STAY: Sea launch DATE: tomorrow (cyclically) TRUTH: yes or no LOCAL VALUE: NOT DEADLY ISSUED STATUS: ADVENTURE IN TOC THE SEA BITTwo fleets, one port and question is whether tomorrow is already written.What Aristotle really deduced in De Interpretatione 9, is still controversial.It's casual.
FROM AKT EXPONATE II DE INTERPRETATIONE 9TEZA:MARITIME.READ A: ALREADY TRUE OR FALSE=> THE FUTURE IS SET.READ B: NO MORE=> THE FUTURE IS OPEN.THE VERDICT: THE SENTLENTS ARE STILL DOING IT. THE BIG BITTER OF THE JOURNEYTwo readings of one sentence and the question is whether the future is real.What Aristotle really drew from De Interpretatione 9 remains the subject of thea real dispute among the interpreters.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
3

Geometric method

Alexandria, about 300 B.C.E.

The elements are usually placed on a shelf with mathematics, and they're equally a match for engineering, because Euclides built the first software that worked on humans.

The method is an invention, more than any claim it contains. Start with a bunch of definitions and postulates so obvious that rejecting them seems strange. to the same place as anyone who follows these stepsWhether he's doing it in Alexandria, Baghdad or Victorian class, the evidence is indifferent to who's doing it. He's, in a very later sense, a program that's written once, running everywhere, with guaranteed results.

For two millennia it was a golden standard of certainty Principiom form of dressing up as Euclid; Spinoza was the ethical leader of geometrical method; Lincoln read Elements to understand what it means ProveEvery dream in this book that has been followed by Judge Leibniz, Hilbert's solvable mathematics, the mechanical proof of the 1956 statement, is an attempt to make all human reason behave as Euclid instructed geometry to behave.

WITNESS NOTE

The witness audited the claim 47 at irregular intervals for twenty-three centuries. Fault found: none. He considers it the only supplier he never had to rush.

5
TABLE III QUALITY CONTROL N.B.: Affirmative I.47 SUPPLIER: Euclides and sons CONTROL PERIOD: 2300 years FALL OF THE DELIVER: 0 WORKS ON: any reader RESULT: Q.E.D. THE FOLLOWING IS THE LIST OF THE PRODUCTS: GEOMETRY METHODWritten once, running everywhere: the first software, operating on readers from 300 B.C.E.The elements were collected by earlier mathematicians; Euclid was as much an editor as an author.The editor was a genius.
FROM AKT EXPONATE III INVOICING PROCEDURE (LEMARIES)1. DEFINITIONS2. POSTULATES (PLAYED).3. COMMON CONCEPTS.4. CONSTRUCTION.- FIVE.6. Q.E.D. Q.E.D.Proof like assembly tape: definitions on the input, certainty on the output.The elements were collected by earlier mathematicians; Euclid was also the editor.And a systemist, which is the only author.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
4

Antikythera Mechanism

The Aegean Sea, about 100 B.C.E.

In 1901, sponge fishermen on the Greek island recovered a lump of corroded bronze that had no right to exist.

The cleaned, over-lit and over-age-displayed solids spread into at least thirty intertwined wheels with amazing precision

What the machine proves is ability; what it mourns is continuity. Nothing about comparable mechanical complexity appears in the preserved record for about fourteen centuries until the astronomical clocks of medieval Europe. Whether knowledge died with a workshop, with war, or simply because of the lack of paying customers, the lesson set here returns once and for all: the invention is not an event, but a tradition, and traditions can drown. The area that this volume chronicles will learn the same lesson sometimes called winter.

WITNESS NOTE

The witness noted the wreckage in due time and marked the cargo as

7
TABLE IV MY BOYS ARE REMAINED N.B.: Bronze mechanism FRAGMENTS: 82 The owner of the vehicle is not known. STORE: sea floor, 1971 years old Guarantee: expired ANTICHYTHREA MECHANISMComputer at the bottom of the sea, fourteen centuries before its successor.※ Dated to about 150100 BCE; its full function is still read from corrosion,One x-ray at a time.
FROM AKT EXPONATION IV EGYPT SEA RESISTANCE MANIFEST1901, ANTIKYTHERA.OBJECT: BROW, SCORE., ~82 FRAGM.CODE: 30+ (RENTGEN)ASTRONOM CALCULATOR.DATE: approx. 150NEXT SIMILAR DEVICE: ~1400 YEARS.IT 'S GONE . THE INVENTOR OF THE WRACKA gear computer, extracted as a green stone, understood only in the X-ray age.※ Dated to about 150100 B.C.; its full function is still readwith fragments of imaging methods.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
5

The man who called the algorithm

Baghdad, the 9th century

Not many people were turned into spelling until immortality. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Chuwarizmi made it twice with one book.

Working in the Baghdad House of Wisdom under the Abbasid caliphs, al-Chuwarizmi wrote the treaty al-Kitab al-muchtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa-l-mukabala , compendium on the bill by supplementing and balancing . Its novelty was not a single result , but method: general, step by step procedure for whole classes of problems, designed so that an official who did not understand why, and so reliably reached the answer. Solve not this equation, but every equation of this shape. It was math written as instructions.

When Latin Europe postponed it three centuries later, al-jabry has become algebraThe author's name, twisted by , Algoritmi , became a word meaning any procedure step by step. It is the right monument. The whole premise of the machine age , that the competence can be written, sent and done by someone or something else , is his way of working, industrialized . Each recipe in each repository of the code is a footnote to the Baghdad scriptorium .

WITNESS NOTE

The witness spent twelve centuries watching people perform procedures they don't understand, confirming that this was the intended way of handling.

9
TABLE V AL-JABR, STEP BY STEP: 1. Complete the broken page 2. COMPARISON What remains 3. DRIVE to the known shape 4. Read the answer works for every x. for every official. INSTRUCTIONS ON PROCEDURE TITLE: on addition and balancing REQUIREMENT: no PROFIT: yes EVIDENCE: Every single one since then APPROVED THE MAN WHO HAD ALGORYTMCompetence, written: mathematics as instructions that each hand will do.Algorithm is the Latin for its name; algebra is al-jabr for the title.He never found out about any of these promotions.
FROM AKT EXPONAT V ETHYMOLOGY CARDAL-CHUWARIZMI (man)=> ALGORISMI (lat.)=> ALGORYTM.AL-JABR (book word)=> ALGEBRA.TWO OF THE FACCH'S ASSETS, BORROWED. TWO WORDSThe name of one scholar and one book title, twisted into a computer dictionary.Algorithm is the Latin for its name; algebra comes from al-jabrfor his book.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
6

Lullus wheels

Majorca, 13th century

Ramon Llull believed that you could turn crank and produce theology. History turned out to be more gracious to crank than to theology.

The Major courtesan who became a missionary, Llull thought of Ars Magna: Concentric paper disks, each one in letters that denotes divine qualities and logical relationships. Rotate the wheels one against the other, and each combination of concepts will be followed by kindness with greatness, eternity with wisdom

As an apologetic wheel failed. As an idea they preceded the age of a century: Llull proposed that new knowledge could be created MechanicalLeibniz read it carefully and talked about it; the dream of the combinatoria runs from these paper drives through the characteristica universalis to any system that has ever searched the space of opportunity faster than a human. However, the patent expert's recommendation still applies: generating all the combinations is easy. The knowledge that they matter is all the rest of the content of this book.

WITNESS NOTE

The witness saw the wheels produce four heresy, two tautologies and one really interesting sentence in one afternoon, and he thinks that this ratio of later systems has not improved in about seven hundred years.

11
TABLE VI BCDEFGHI KBTV ASR PATENT DECLARATION WARNING: mechanical production truth STATUS OF TECHNICS: none VERIFIED RESULTS: no CITED BY: Leibniz, G.W. DROPPED LULLUS WHEELSGenerate, then test: each combination of concepts, one crank rotation at a time.Leibniz read Llulla and talked about it. The wheels were a prototype, not a whimIt just took four centuries.
FROM AKT EXPONAT VI ARS COMBINATORIESDISK: CONCENTRICAL, LITERATED.METHOD: REST TO MAKE TIMES TO MAKE TIMES.RESULT: ALL COMMUNICATIONS.AIM: RETURN THE PARENTMECHANIC PROOF. WHEELSDiscs of concepts that rotate to combine every quality of God.Leibniz read Llulla and talked about it; the wheels were a real combinatorical prototype,Not just a curiosity.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
7

Reasoning is an account.

London, 1651

Thomas Hobbes wrote this sentence in Leviathan, in 1651, without equipment on the horizon and apparently without a shadow of doubt.

He thought it literally. Hobbes' reasoning led him to add and subtract the general names; we add ideas as the accountant adds the register, and when we come to the conclusion, we just calculated the sum. He watched the geometry work, and he drew a bold conclusion: if the most sure human knowledge is generated by manipulation with symbols by rules, then he could whole thinking is manipulation of symbols, and the mind differs from the cantor mainly by archiving system.

Three centuries later, this is exactly the claim hypothesis of the physical symbol system Hobbes did not provide any mechanism, evidence, or shadow of doubt, which makes him not so much the first theorist of the field as its first inaugural speaker.

WITNESS NOTE

The witness examined Mr. Hobbes' mind register and found arithmetic bold and the bills absent. Since then he has seen the same books re-submitted every thirty years on new company paper.

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TABLE VII THINK, IN THE TOKU BOOKNOTE DOT: The mind METHOD: Adding, subtraction PROOFS INTRODUCED: None SURENESS: Total RECOMMENDED: 1651, 1956, etc. THE CLEARANCE OF THE ACCOUNTMind like a currency exchanger: proclaimed in 1651, financed in 1956, still inconclusive.Leviathan, Part I, Chapter 5 Written during the Civil War, which may explainan appetite for certainty.
FROM AKT EXPONATE VII LEVIATANS, PART I, CHAPTER 5THE MIND IS A DIFFERENT PERSON.HOW TO READ, IT IS ADDEMENTAND SUBTRACTION.I'M NOT SURE WHAT HAPPENED.WRITTEN TO THE WAR OF HOME,WHAT CAN BE TRANSLATIONED AFTER. UNDERSTAND = ACCOUNTThe civil war philosopher brings thinking to addition and subtraction.Leviathan, Part I, Chapter 5. The account was almost drawn to accountLiterally.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
8

Pascalin

Rouen, 1642

The first machine offered for sale was built for the oldest reason: a teenager watched his father drown in paperwork.

Étienne Pascal was sent to Rouen as a royal tax collector, a position which consisted largely of adding heroic, soul-plasting quantities. His son Blaise, about nineteen years old, replied as the engineers responded: he built a brass box with toothed discs that would automatically move tens of a wheel outside the belt, and the next column would jump by one. Subject matter.

They added beautifully, subtracted clumsyly, cost more than the officials they were supposed to replace, and did not make almost any commercial breakout

WITNESS NOTE

The witness submitted the original request for reimbursement of the machine on behalf of the family. He is pleased to report that the return still awaits implementation, as he understands as a standard of industry.

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TABLE VIII TAILSGABELLESTAILSOTHER 049998 TRANSFER: 9 → 0, NEXT +1 APPLICATION FOR A RETURN OF COST N.B.: Brass calculator EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM: Father BUILDED PATTER: ~50 MARKET IMPACT: marginal RETURN: ongoing (184 years) PASSALINAThe arithmetic becomes the subject of a transfer mechanism, in brass, on the desk of the tax office.She added more than she took away.Bypassing the industry has never abandoned.
FROM AKT EXPONATE VIII THE MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONCONSTRUMER: B. PASCAL, AGE ~19.THE YEAR IS 1642, ROUEN.ACTION: ADDITIVE (AUTO FOREMAN).SUBTRACTION: COMPLETE.BUILT: ~50; SOLD: NOT MUCH.RIGHT, THE CONSUMER OF HIS FATHER. PASSALINAA brass teen summarist built to spare his father-official arithmetics.She added better than she took; she took away, and she added to nine, not nine.It's a real reverse action.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
9

Leibniz's Dream

Hanover, the end of the 17th century

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz looked at Pascal's summing box and had the least modest thought in the history of office equipment: why stop at numbers?

First the equipment. His stair calculator, built around a drum with graduated teeth, could multiply and divide where Pascalina only added

Then the dream that was the point. Leibniz offered characteristica universalis the symbolic alphabet of human concepts and calculus ratiocinator To operate on it, so that reasoning itself becomes a calculation. Disputes in philosophy, almost, even theology would end not with screaming, but with arithmetic: the parties would sit, take pencils and speak Let's countHe wrote a project proposal for the entire book

WITNESS NOTE

The witness considered the application in due time: the range

17
TABLE IX ALFABET OF HUMAN THINK ○△□⊕ ∴¬∪∩ BYTCHANGESUBSTANCEGOOD SONOORAND (other terms in the following order) EASTERN BOARD (PROTECTED FOR REPAIR) DRAFT PROPOSAL SCOPE: ALL METHOD: symbols + rules PRODUCT: End of dispute COMPANY: Several selected people Date: five (5) years STATUS: ongoing, 340+ SFINANSED LEIBNIZE'S FEATURESymbols for every thought, bill to move them: the application for which the book was billed.He also ordered a double-entry, delighted that his pattern was found in the Yijing hexagrams.The missionary sent him from China.
FROM AKT EXPONATION IX PROJECTIONS (WITHOUT FUNDING)OBJECTIVE 1: CHARACTERISTICA UNIVERSALISLANGUAGE FOR ALL FOOD.OBJECTIVE 2: CALCULUS RATIOCINATORRULES TO COUNT ON THEM.HANDLED:SCOPE: ALL. STATUS: TOKU. CALCULEMUSDream: a universal notation to end disputes with wordsHe also used a double-entry pattern, which he found in the Yijing hexagrams.
PART I · LOGICE BEFORE THE MACHINE
10

Right of Thinking

Lincoln and Cork, 1854

George Boole finished what Aristotle had started and what Leibniz demanded, and the world responded with silence for eighty-three years.

The son of a shoemaker from Lincoln, a self-educator, a teacher at the age of 16, finally a professor in Cork, Boole released in 1854, An Investigation of the Laws of ThoughtLogic has ceased to be a catalogue of the shapes of the argument and has become an algebra: classes and courts written as symbols accepting only values 0 and 1, combined actions that behave almost and instructively that not calculate On paper, as a rule, a Leibniz pencil.

And then, in practice, nothing. Mathematicians worked them out; philosophers put them down; no machinery came. Boole died in 1864, after passing to a lecture in the rain, without the slightest idea that he wrote a set of instructions for the coming century. The recovery came finally in 1937, when a young student MIT, Claude Shannon, noticed that the two-value algebra Boolea was a precise description of switching relay systems

WITNESS NOTE

The witness stamped the manuscript "Responsive": 1937 and refuses to explain how he knew. The prediction is not part of his department; archive yes.

19
TABLE X x · x = x x AND y = x·y x OR y = x+y−x·y NOT x = 1−x values: 0.1 Nothing more. Never. THE ARCHIVE MISCELLANEOUS DECLARED, UNCONTINUED DOK.: Laws of Thought, 1854 OBIEG: minimum APPLICATION: none (for now) RECOVERY PLANNED: 1937, C. Shannon, MIT DELIVERED THE RIGHT OF THINKINGLogic as algebra, complete and correct, waiting eighty-three years for the reader.Shannon's 1937 master's thesis finally got Boolean in the switch.The most important work ever written.
FROM AKT EXPONAT X A B A0 0 | 0 00 1 | 0 11 0 | 0 11 1 | 1 1MIND RIGHT (1854)AND = MILITARY. OR = ADDEMENT.TRUTH = 1. FALS = 0.REACTION ON PUBLICATION: CROSS.CONTINUES: 1937. 1 AND 0Logic written as algebra two valuesShannon's 1937 master's thesis finally got Boolean in the loop.I'm about 80 years old.
PART II
THE ENGINES
The Victorians nearly build it; mathematics discovers its own limits. Chapters 11
PART II · MACHINERY
11

The Cross that read the cards

Lyon, 1804

The first machine that started the program didn't calculate anything, it was actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually actually, you know

Joseph-Marie Jacquard's appetizer allowed the loom to read the pattern from the punched card chain: the hole means pick up this thread, no hole Formula work intelligence has moved from the head and hands of the weaver to a pile of stiff paper that could be stored, copied, edited and replaced. Change the card, you change the fabric the same machine. This is a separation of software from hardware, made in silk, decades before any of these words existed.

The silk-treasers in Lyon immediately understood the consequences and expressed their code review in the traditional way: broken machines, assaulted inventor, burned cards on the street. The dispute was settled as usual, such disputes were settled

WITNESS NOTE

The witness has dealt with many employee disputes and notes that this is the first man to be classified as a man versus the program written. This category is now open.

21
TABLE XI MODEL, MOVABLE WORKING BODY PAGES: Weavers v. rosno ADVANTAGE: model now on paper ACTIONS: broken machines, Inventor assaulted DISCUSSION: 10,000+ looms CATEGORY: remains open THE CARD'S READING BOOKThe software is removed from the hardware: intelligence written on rigid paper, silk, 1804.♪ The woven portrait of Jacquard required about 24,000 cards ♪Guys think he's a figure.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XI DRILLING CARD (JACQUARD)1804, LYON.ONE GOVERNMENT OF THE COLOR.THE DOOR IS UP, THE DOOR IS UP.CARDS FACILITIES = ALL MODELS.BABBAGE, HOLLERITH. CARDWeaver pattern, punched in the box♪ The silk-weave portrait of Jacquard required some 24,000 cards ♪He had one copy and he valued it very much.
PART II · MACHINERY
12

Differential machine

London, 1821

Charles Babbage said that by checking astronomical plates full of human errors, and then he spent a fortune trying to make God redundant.

The enemy was the error of printing. The 19th century navigation, banking, engineering and insurance were based on printed arrays of logarithms and numbers, calculated by human computer rooms and hand-folded

The British government, convinced that the exact plates were a matter of the Navy, put funds that eventually exceeded 17,000 pounds

WITNESS NOTE

The witness cross-checked the badge and confirmed that the mistakes were true, numerous and sometimes sailing in effect.

23
TABLE XII TABLEMISCELLANEOUS 1MISCELLANEOUS 2MISCELLANEOUS 3 Table LOG., p.204 4.30103 4.31175 4.32222 4.33244 4.34242 4.35218 4.36173 4.38107 4.38021 4.38917 4.39794 4.40654 RAFA REGULAR REGULARITY SOURCE 1: The human computer SOURCE 2: Human Zecer WARNING: yes IMPACT: sometimes sailing PROPOSED FACILITY: couple DIFFUSE MACHINEAdding brass to fight print errors: the first computer was proofreading equipment.The phrase "The couple" comes from Babbage's diary, written decades later.Old people improve their dialogues.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XII ERATAOBJECTIVE: NAVIGATION TABLES.THE PROBLEM IS THAT PEOPLE ARE WRONG.ONE DAMN CYFRA => ARRIVAL.REPAIR: MACHINE, WHO LOOKS "I"HE'S PRINTING, TAKING OUT A HUMAN HAND.METHOD: DIFF.IMPROVED DAMN CYFRAThe printed math boards were full of errors; the machine was repaired.♪ Babbage's theme really was the flawless arrays; the finite differences method needsjust adding.
PART II · MACHINERY
13

Analytical machine

London, 1837

Sometime around 1834, unable to complete one machine, Babbage designed a much larger

The analytical machine first separated two organs that each computer now carries: storage, containing maybe a thousand fifty digits of the numbers on the column of wheels, and millThe instructions and data were to come on Jacquard punch cards, attached to the string. And the project could have two things that raised the calculator to the computer rank: it could have been branch, taking one path or the other depending on the result, and could perform loops, scrolling your own cards to repeat the operation, general purpose, programmed, conditional.

None of this was built except for fragments; the machine existed as several hundred flawless engineering drawings and a notation that Babbage invented only to reason on it. This prompted some to put the Machine under the slogan of noble failure, which is a mistake as to the subject of delivery. Specification , proof that a universal machine is a coherent mechanical object, one hundred years before electronics made it profitable . When the designers of the 1940s discovered the same anatomy again, some consciously, others did, drawings waited in the archive to confirm that the idea was reasonable from the beginning .

WITNESS NOTE

The witness reviewed the specification sheet and found it complete, consistent and impossible to build with current suppliers' tolerances. He approved the project and put in a pencil a real delivery date, which he refuses to disclose to the author.

25
TABLE XIII MAGAZINE 1000 numer x 50 CYFR THE MILK HERE ARE THE ARITHMETICA CARDS OF OPERATIONS AND RIMS THIS SAMA ANATOMIA, 2026 SPECIFICATION CARD MAGAZINE: 1000 x 50 numbers Mill: + - x / , in iron EC/OFF: cards punch. (Jacquard) DISTANCES: Yes, FLOOR: yes DRIVE: couple, ultimately PUTTING: 0 (spec. ready) ANALYTICAL MACHINEWarehouse and mill, cards and branches: anatomy of each subsequent computer, drawn in 1837.The specifications were provided. The 1940s recreated the same anatomy in electronics,Some consciously, others not.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XIII MAGAZINETHE MILKREMEMBER / PROCESORANALYTICAL MACHINE (1837)MAGAZINE = MEMORY (1000 NUMERALS).MILL = ARYTMET UNIT.CONTROL = DECLARED CARDS.FEATURE: A SURPRISE.NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO. MAGAZINE AND MILKGeneral destination computer, age too early, complete on paper: memory, processor, program.※ Specification was provided; the 1940s of the 20th century recreated the same anatomy in electronics,independently.
PART II · MACHINERY
14

Note G

London, 1843

The most important footnotes in the history of computer science were signed with three initials

Augusta Ada King, Countess Lovelace , raised as a precautionary measure against poetry , translated the report of the Italian engineer on the Babbage analytical machine and, at his suggestion, added her own notes. The notes were almost three times longer than the original. The last one, Note G, was to explain step by step how the Machine would calculate Bernoulli numbers: operations, variables, working memory, loops , presented in a table that each modern programmer recognizes at first glance, with a slight dizziness on the view of the log made dated 1843.

Two claims must be kept separate because the legend has welded them together. Was she the first developer? Case, to be honest, disputed: Babbage sketched the sequences of operations earlier, not published, and delivered algebra to the not; her preserved letters show how he asks him, corrects him and buttons in detail. Note G remains first published The second claim does not require a conciliator, because it belongs only to her and is bigger: it has been searched beyond arithmetic. If the machine symbols could mean things other than the number of letters, logical relationships, sound heights

WITNESS NOTE

The witness reviewed the code in 1843 and noted one defect in the published table, fine weight, the origin of the dispute between the author, co-worker and printer. He notes that the imputation of fault for error has a longer history than the error tracking system.

27
TABLE XIV Diagram for the calculation of Bernoulli numbers No.OPERATIONSVARIABLEWORKING / RESULTS 1x1V2 x 1V4= 2n 2-1V4 - 1V1= 2n - 1 3+1V5 + 1V1= 2n + 1 4/1V5 / 1V4= (2n-1)/ ((2n+1) 7-1V2 - 1V7cycle, repeat 25=B7 readySTOP NUTTER N ota G, attached to the translation, Three times longer than the original. I 'M NOT A DOCTOR . A DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURES TAKEN TO ADDRESS THE RISKS IDENTIFIED IN THE ASSESSMENT REPORT. NOTICE: Note G, 1843 TARGET EQUIPMENT: Unbuilt FLOWER: 1 VARIABLE: 20+ FEATURES: 1, fine weight, dispute origin VERDICT: first in print SALONO NOTA GThe 1843 execution log: operations, variables, loops and signatures in initials.The first programmer is fairly controversial. Babbage had unpublished sketches.The first published contention program is not.
FROM AKT EXPONATION XIV DIAGRAMTITLE: NUMBER CALCULATINGBERNOULLI.AUTHOR: A. A. LOVELACE, TRANSMISSIONMENABREI, WITH NOTACHS.STRUCTURAL: OPERATIONS, CHANGES,- [SIGHS] - [SIGHS]STATUS: FIRST EDITION. NOTA GThe first published algorithm: Bernoulli numbers, calculated by machine.The first programmer is controversial Babbage had previously unpublished procedures;Note G is the first published.
PART II · MACHINERY
15

Lovelace charge

Note G, again

The analytical machine does not claim to create anything. Period, usually. This period is just a twist.

Here's what Note G really says: The machine doesn't claim to create anything; He can do anything we can to command her.; can follow the analysis but has no power Pre-emption This is not a prophecy about the eternal limits of machines. It is a precise definition of the scope of one unbuilt machine by the person who best understood its model of programming excessive The idea of the power of the Machines, the sentence was engineering documentation, and it's been quoted as metaphysics for centuries.

The promotion to the rank of doctrine occurred in 1950 when Turing needed the named opponents to his work on the role of imitating and kindly invented Lady Lovelace's plea to argue with him Never The Turinga counter-intelligence machine has constantly surprised us, and the learning machines could create a lot of

WITNESS NOTE

The witness issues a constant notice of the twisting of this paragraph since 1950. The degree of application, measured in textbooks, speeches and lunches, is stable at about zero.

29
TABLE XV ANALYTICAL MACHINE NO PROTENSJI TO BE CREATED WHAT'S THE MATTER? THE CIT ENDS HERE. NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO. I'LL BE ABLE TO DO EVERYTHING, WHAT WE KNOW ORDER TO EXECUTE. can follow the analysis; but it has no power Prejudicing any relationship or analytical truths NOTE G, 1843, READ TO THE END COMMUNICATION ON THE DISTANCE USTP: Note G, on the creation ORIGINAL SPECIES: documentation engineering AGAIN IN CYTATAS: metaphysics DECTRONIC AVAANCE: 1950, A.M. Turing (politely) SHALL THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION:Determination of the range forged in stone, with the value of all the claims returned in gold.♪ Turing called this charge in 1950 to argue with him by Hartree's voice.One machine; posterity heard all.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XV CYTATFREQUENCY: NO MACHINESTHEY THINK.REALLY (NOTE G): MACHINE♪ I'M NOT A MAN ♪WHATEVER IT IS HE CAN HANDLE.WE'RE GOING TO ORDER HER TO DO IT.AGREE THE COMMISSION SHALL ADOPT IMPLEMENTING ACTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 21 OF THIS REGULATION.What she really wrote about creatingTuring called it the "Lady Lovelace" case in 1950, to argue with him, by voice.Hartree to her Note G.
PART II · MACHINERY
16

Unbuilt machine

London, 1842

In 1842 the government of Sir Robert Peel had spent twenty years of spending on the machine and made a decision.

The reasons were not stupid, which makes this chapter rather restrained than comical. Babbage took public money for one machine and still designed better; the workshop accounts were astronomical; the chief engineer left, taking a precise instrument, which his contract was strangely allowed; and the client

He spent the remaining twenty-nine years working out the analytical machine for an audience of about one person, publishing tirades against street musicians and growing up into the most famous disillusioned man in London. He died in 1871. Parts went under cover, then to museums; drawings for archives; idea into a long, patient queue. Every ambitious project cancelled since then went the same path and the file was opened here: correct engineering, impossible schedule, exhausted sponsor, deleted budget position

WITNESS NOTE

The witness participated in the last review and noted both sides as having

31
TABLE XVI THE FOLD, PART MAGAZINE, PART JKM'S TREASURE, 1842 DOT: Machine. Government with regret must refuse further expenditure. FINANCIAL REVIEW ISSUED: £17 500 (warship) DOSTARANZONE: partial assembly, better successor projects HARMONOGRAM: over 20 years REHABILITATION: 1991, addressed to the deceased THE COMMISSION SHALL ADOPT IMPLEMENTING ACTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 21 OF THIS REGULATION. UNBUILT MACHINECovers on correct engineering: the path of the file that every canceled project has gone.♪ Peel's contempt survived in private letters; the verdict ♪ ♪ Worthless for science ♪Chancellor, second hand, both paid first.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XVI SCRAMB REVIEW, 1842DRAFT: BABBAGE MACHINERY.PERIOD: 1823PUBL MEASURES: ~£17 000.(COMMUNICATION AT EVENT: ~£800.)ONE PART, SHOW ME.DECISION: FOLLOW-UP FINANCE.REMAINED REGULARITYTwo decades of Treasury money, an unfinished machine and a very British audit.♪ Peela's contempt survived in private letters; the verdict ♪ ♪ Worthless for science ♪mood, not a quoted quote.
PART II · MACHINERY
17

Logic piano

Manchester, 1869

Fifteen years after Boole published the algebra of thought, William Stanley Jevons built her a keyboard.

Jevons economist by profession, logic by force built what he called a logic machine, and everyone else a logic piano: a cabinet the size of his last name, with twenty-one keys for dates and actions. Play the premises every A is B; no B is C and the internal rods and blocks of the machine eliminated any combination that contradicted them, showing on their face only those states of the world that the premises allowed.

Its limitations were equally informative. Only four terms; problems greater than the salon trick were exhausting it; and the preparation of the real question for her keyboard took longer than the hand-solving of it Conclusion It made wood and brass.

WITNESS NOTE

The witness was at a recital in 1870 and noted the expression of the audience: a special courtesy reserved for something important that does not look like this. He saw this expression since then in Dartmouth and November 2022.

33
TABLE XVII AbcABcabc ABCAbCaBC REGULAR: DISTANCE WITH THE PROBLEM AaBbCcD♪+= TODAY'S PROGRAMME I. EVERY ONE A IS B II. NO B IS C ♪ NO ONE'S C (time: immediately) RECITAL PROGRAMME PLACE: The Society of the King, 1870 INSTRUMENT: 21 keys, 4 deadlines The good news is that you 're not a bad person . BIS: not invited PLAY NOW: Oxford, in case LOCAL FORTEPIANThe messages on the keyboard, the allowed worlds on the face: the conclusion made by the furniture.The first machine to beat a human in a mind-control taskFour letters.
FROM AKT EXPONATION XVII JEVONS LOGIC FORTEPIAN (1869)ENTER: MESSAGES, CLAPPING.MECHANISM: RIM + SOUNDS.EXHIBITION: SHOWN RIGHT CONCLUSIONS.FIRST OVERRIDE MACHINEAN OBJECTOR IN REAL TIME. LOCAL FORTEPIANAlgebra Boolea with keys: mechanical device drawing correct conclusions.♪ The Jevons device is called the first machine to solve the logical problem faster ♪than a human being.
PART II · MACHINERY
18

Counting the Nation

Washington, 1890

The U.S. census of 1880 took almost a decade, and by the time the country found out what it was, it was something else.

When it was expected that the 1890 count would sink the Public Office quite well, the competition was set and won by young engineer Herman Hollerith with the idea of Jacquard in a new outfit: each person is a punch card, each hole is a fact

Two consequences have been overwritten. First, data processing has become an industry: Tabulating Machine Company Holleritha, after customary mergers, was renamed in 1924 to International Business Machines

WITNESS NOTE

The witness was counted in 1890 and found this experience to be effective, refused to pursue his profession, and the machine, which she boasted, did not press.

35
TABLE XVIII FOUR THREE, STAYS AROUND AGEFELLOWUR.PROFESSIONSTATE OF CITY ONE PERSON SET UP ♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE LATE ♪ 1880: ~8 years 1890: weeks to first count LUDN.: 62 622 250 EXPENDITURE REPORT METHOD: person → card → circuit ZYSK: one decade, recovered SUPPLIER: Tabulating Machine Co., 1924: I.B.M. PRECEDENS: in the file next to profit NATION COUNTEvery life with a card, every fact with a hole, every hole closed by a circuit: data processing gains a payroll list.The full 1890 census still took years; this first count, in weeks, createdlegend
FROM AKT EXPONATE XVIII THE SUMMARY AUTHORITYJOIN: CALL 62,000,000 PEOPLE.- EIGHT YEARS EARLIER.HOLLERITH MACHINE: A WEEK.ONE CARD / PERSONAL.I.B.M.CALCULATED NATION COUNTThe punch card leaves the loom for the census and assumes industry.The full 1890s compilation was still being published for years; it's the first "countdown" made in a week.The machine has accelerated.
PART II · MACHINERY
19

Hilbert's challenge

Göttinga, 1928

David Hilbert didn't believe in questions without an answer, and eventually he had it carved out in his grave.

The greatest mathematician of his era wanted to secure the entire building: any proven truth, no moving contradiction and a request that applies to this book decideThis third demand, made harshly with Ackermann in 1928, was Entscheidungs problem, a decision-making problem. Note what is asked: not for insight, not for genius, but for procedure something that an official could follow, something that al-Khwarizmi would recognize, something although no one had ever used that word in this way that could start a machine. To answer Hilbert at all, someone would first have to determine exactly what the method is. Chapter twenty-first is that determination and he created computing more or less as a product of obedience.

In September 1930, at the conference in Królewc, Hilbert's city, his radio speech was carried by his credo to the nation: Wir müssen wissen We need to know; we will know. At a round table in the same city, the day before, the silent twenty-four-year-old Austrian announced, almost without reaction, the result of the incomplete arithmetic. Both announcements passed like ships. Next chapter is a collision.

WITNESS NOTE

The witness attended both sessions in the Royale and booked them under the same reference number that evening, and sometimes allowed himself to be satisfied, and this was one of them.

37
TABLE XIX WIR MÜSEN WISSEN. WIR VERDEN WISSEN. DISCUSSION EVERYTHING, SOUNDED IN THE FINAL STAGES OF THE PROCESS I'm not going to... ♪ Oh... ♪ P=? RELATION OF OPEN PROBLEMS ALERT: Entscheidungsproblem MAN: 1928, with Ackermann PLEASED: specific method DEFINITION OF METHOD: ongoing (see Chapter 21) DEVISED: No ignorabimus HILBERT'S CHALLENGEDoors marked "SIGNAL," "synthesis queue," and "the nation," we'll know.A radio talk and an announcement by Gödel divided one day and one city, September 1930.None of them noticed the other one.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XIX HILBERT QUESTIONS (1928)1. IS MATHEMATICS COMPLETE?(ARE YOU GETTING DIVIDED?)2. IS IT UNSATISFIED?(BROTHER BROTHERS)3. IS SHE SENSITIVE?(PROCEDURE FOR EACH IDENTITY?)THE ANSWERS THAT WERE EXPECTED: YES, YES, YES. PROGRAMMEHilbert's request: Is there a procedure for determining every mathematical truth?The third question, the Entscheidungsproblem, is what Turing and Church will answer.No, in 1936.
PART II · MACHINERY
20

Incompleteness

Vienna, 1931

Kurt Gödel was twenty-five years old, he was precise, and what he proved didn't mean that math was broken. It was more strange: that math was bigger than any set of rules for her.

The 1931 work showed that any uncontested formal system rich enough to contain ordinary arithmetic must contain true sentences, but within it, the unspeakable sentences that the system can express and never settle. His method was to tell arithmetic to speak of itself: each model number is assigned to build a sentence that

The Hilbert program did not survive in its intended form, although Hilbert's grave preserved credo. The technique survived. The Gödel

WITNESS NOTE

The witness writes that he has one page in his notebook that he never managed to complete, and that it stopped disturbing him in 1931.

39
TABLE XX DISCUSSION THIS IS TRUE AND UNHAPPY HERE INCOMPATIBILITY The door, sealed from inside its own definition. Nothing more on this page.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XX key does not existthe claim is true; the evidence is not inside NO KEYGödl's score, silently set aside: a true sentence, which the system cannot prove.
PART III
TURKING AND WAR
The machine was imagined in its entirety, then built in secret, and then destroyed by its inventor. Chapters 21
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
21

With calculated figures

Cambridge, 1936

Alan Turing replied to Hilbert's request for a method that was defined, doing the only thing that no one considered necessary: building an official.

On paper, of course. The work of 1936 is stripped of the calculation to bare beams: a tape of fields, in unlimited supply; a head that reads one symbol can erase or save one and moves one step to the left or right; and a finished table of rules saying, for each internal state and symbol, exactly what to do next. That's all. Whatever a human computer can do by heart universal A machine that, fed to the rule table of any other machine as symbols on the tape, becomes that machine.

When the definition was pinned, Hilbert's door closed politely: Turing showed that no machine could decide, for each machine and input, whether the calculation would ever stop No.And scaffolding this response as data, one machine to run all of them quietly became the most important by-product in the history of thought. Every later computer is this work with the electricity bill.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness demanded the tape and heard that the supply was unlimited, and he's been testing this claim ever since, without complaint from the warehouse.

41
TABLE XXI · RYS. 2 TASTE (FLOW: UNGARED) 0110□10 HEAD: READS, WRITING, SENDS BOARD OF BEING ♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪ q1 0 1 R q2 q1 1 0 R q1 q2 0 1 L q3 q2 1 1 R q2 ...is over. That's the point. GIVE HER A TABLE OF ANOTHER MACHINE, AND YOU'LL BECOME THAT MACHINE. CUSTOMICAL NUMBERTape, head, table: calculation brought to what a patient official does, minus a clerk.; Turing machine is not Turing's return; it was cuffed by Alonzo Church, re-censing work.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXI 10110HEAD OF THE BOARDA-MACHINE (1936)NEVER ENDED, IN POLE.HEAD: READ / WRITE / GO.TABLE OF STATES: END RULES.RESULTS: CERTAIN NUMBERS ARE- I DON'T KNOW. _One infinite tape, one head, one table of rulesChurch's Thesis is unproven, and only for perfect reasons can you believe in it;Both of them reached her independently in 1936.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
22

Lambda account

Princeton, 1936

In the spring of 1936, ready for publication, Turing learned that the American logic had just proven the same result in a completely different way.

The instrument of Alonz Church was lambda: no tape, no head, only functions used for functions, prescribed by the rule until nothing is prescribed. He also answered Hilbert no, about months earlier. Turing's work was published too much other

The result of this coincidence was the founding article of the faith in this field, the Church's Turing thesis: every procedure that man could do mechanically is computable by these means to anyone, because they all agree. This is a confident definition of a claim, basically unproven and unconvincing in practice.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness considered a double claim with his standard procedure: both sides correct, no reduced documentation with the connector. He would wish that all disputes would come in so well ordered.

43
TABLE XXII λ ACCOUNT MACHINES CALCULATED FORM OF THE DUAL DETECTIONA. Church, PrincetonNOTICE 2: A. Turing, CambridgeSUBJECT MATTER: what is effectiveDECIDED: same summit, on an equal footingCONSUMER: LAMBDA ACCOUNTTwo roads, one top: the calculation was discovered twice, so it's real.Church's Thesis is beyond proof, and it can only be believed for excellent reasons.He's been holding on for ninety years.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXII CHURCH (λ)THE FIRST ONE:- [SIGHS] - [SIGHS] - [SIGHS]A CLEAN FOUNDATION.TURKING (MACHINE)- FIRST TIME, RIGHT?READ, WRITE, GO.CLEAN MECHANISM.EQUALITY HAS BEEN FOUND TWO SUMMSChurch's functions and Turing's machine: same mountain, opposite walls.※ Church published the lambda account just before Turing's machine; their equivalenceThis is Church
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
23

Bletchley

Warsaw, then Buckinghamshire, 1932

Enigma's machine was broken years before the war broke and not where the movies say it.

In 1932, three mathematicians of the Polish Cipher Bureau bombsIn July 1939, weeks before the invasion, they passed on the whole achievement of

The biggest invention was the factory. Thousands of people, mostly women, of the Wrens Corps, were cryptanalyzing for changes: cribs at the entrance, feet at the exit, an intelligence assembly tape with mathematics as a production facility. Logic was a tool of the scientist for two millennia; in Bletchley it gained the graphics of changes, maintenance of machines and standards.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness participated in the transmission in July 1939 and wrote down three names in full. He has issued a correction since then and will do so at this rate indefinitely.

45
TABLE XXIII BARAK 11 TODAY'S MENU:hint: WETTERfeet: 3Tea: 16:00 CONFIRMS.I understand that worknot this facilityThere was a machineThere is no such thing as me.It was never here.30 YEARS BLETCHLEYPut it on, turn it around, deny it, stop it: industrially debunked, filled with change., Enigma died first in Warsaw, 1932. The bomb comes from the Polish bombRecognized with decades of delay.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXIII AKTA SIGINTVENUE: BLETCHLEY PARK, BUCKS.OBJECTIVE: ENIGMA (WEHRMACHT).TOOL: BOMBA (electromech.).PRECEDENS: POLSKAQADR PUT: ~9000; STILL DEKADS.ULTRA ULTRABreaking code as an industry※ Enigma first fell in Warsaw, 1932; the British Bomb comes from a Polish bomb debtlong under-recognizable.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
24

Colossus

Dollis Hill, 1943

The first large digital computer built a telephone engineer, worked great, and then for thirty years denied its existence.

Tommy Flowers of the Post Research Station proposed something Bletchley mathematicians doubted: attack the Lorenz cipher of the German Supreme Command

Then the war ended and the machines ceased to exist. Most were stripped by order; drawings burned; Flowers returned to telephone centers with modest gratification and no way to say what he did, while the public history of computer science was folded around ENIAC, a year later and loudly American. The mystery held on until the mid-70s and until then myths became cold: ask the street what broke Colossus and it will say: Enigma

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has the only unburnt copy of drawings in the file under the slogan of non-existent equipment operating. He removes them for a moment whenever ENIAC is mentioned first.

47
TABLE XXIV 1500 LAMPS, GREEN GPO GPO GROANS TASTA, 5000 ZN./S _N.B.: Colossus, Mk I and II (x10)OBJECTIVE: Lorenz moveCONSTRUMER: T. Flowers, GPO,partly from your own pocketFOS: Destroyed by orderIMPLIANCE: denied until 1975BURN COLOSSUSTunny lamps: Electronics age opens under 30 years of denial., Colossus broke Lorenzo, not Enigma; he was programmed but not with the program written.Corrections are important and both usually lose.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXIV EQUIPMENT CARDNAME: COLOSSUS.ZBUD.: DOLLLIS HILL, 1943.LAMPY: ~1600 (MK1).OBJECTIVE: SZYFR LORENZ (not Enigma).DESERT: DESTROY, DESCRIBE.I'm sorry, but I'm sorry.DESTROY - I'M SORRY.The first large electronic computer, Colossus broke Lorenzo, not Enigma; he was programmable but not with the program written down.He's just so wrong.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
25

Information theory

Bell Labs, 1948

The work of Claude Shannon in 1948 did with the announcements what the coin did with the exchange trade: she found a common currency.

The voice, photography, symphony, telegram â Shannon showed that all are measurable in one unit, beating, and that each channel has a calculated bandwidth: a hard ceiling for how many bits per second can exceed it, including noise, including a small error as you like, if you stick below the border. The meaning was deliberately left behind the door â information, for theory, is the disbanding of uncertainty, not the weight of the message â and this absolute omission made it work. Engineering got its own physics.

For this book, this work is a double bearing wall. Practically supports everything digital: compression, correction of errors, the possibility that copies are perfect. Conjectively completed the merger started in his work from 1937 symbols After 1948, the machine manipulating the bits manipulates anything potentially: words, images, movements in the game, and finally the statistical shape of the human language

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness turned his notebook into a bite-off book, and he didn't report any loss. He refused, in principle, to transform the meaning that remains in the original.

49
TABLE XXV VOICE DECLARE MUSIC 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 COMMON VALUATION COMMUNICATION ON TRANSLATIONFROM: 1948, Bell SystemAll communications are bitsIGNITY: Not our departmentLAUGHTER: included, C capacityExchange: universal INFORMATION THEORYVoice, image, music: melted into one currency, with exchange rate established by law.The story of entropy is told by John Tukey, who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a man who is a manvon Neumann is secondhand and too smooth-talked.
FROM AKT EXPONAT XXV SOURCECANALOBJECTIVE+ LUMMATHEMATIC THEORY (1948)UNIT: BIT (0 OR 1).MYSTER: ENTROPY = EMERGENCY.CANAL PASTITY.IMPACT: TEXT, SOUND, DISTANCEIT'S ALL ONE SUBSTANCE. BITShannon makes a measurable surprise, and every message is the same substance.Bit was invented by John Tukey, borrowed from the source; the name entropy came to mindvon Neumann.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
26

First sketch

Philadelphia, 1945

The document that defined the modern computer was an incomplete sketch, sent out with the name of one author, and the domain has been arguing about the title page ever since.

First sketch of the EDVAC reportIn June 1945, he put forward a project behind which every later computer was clearly followed: the program and data held together in one memory, collected and executed by the central unit

The consequences were not only image-like. The distribution of the sketch was counted as publication, which over time helped to invalidate Eckert and Mauchly's patent claims

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness improved his copy of the page with a pencil, which is not binding, but at least legible. He notes that architecture works independently of what is this annoying part.

51
TABLE XXVI THE FIRST SZKIKYKY REPORT ABOUT EDVAC John von Neumann JUNE 30, 1945 The President The President (NAMES IN THE FUNDAMEN, NOT ON THE TABLE) AUTHORITY COURSEDOCUMENT: First sketch of EDVACNAMES FOR THE STRUCTURAL TITLE: ONECO- MANUFACTURERS: severalSENT BY H. GoldstineThe effect of the partial cancellations is the patents.ARCHITECTURE CALLED NOW: HIS THE FIRST SCHOOLOne memory per program and data, one name on the cover: both systems proved to be permanent.Von Neumann synthesized; Eckert and Mauchly engineered; Goldstine dispatched.The lease settled where it was written on the machine.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXVI SZKIC REPORT ON EDVAC (1945)STRUCTURE: PROGRAM FOR THE PROGRAMSIGNATURE: J. VON NEUMANN (ONLY).ENGINEER: ECKERT AND MAUCHLY.GOLDSTINE.RESULTS:SERVE: A LITTLE BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BSKIC ONE NAMEArchitecture built by many, distributed under one signature.Von Neumann synthesized; Eckert and Mauchly engineered; Goldstine dispatched.The name of the only author has been unfairly clinging to it.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
27

ENIAC women

Philadelphia, 1946

When the ENIAC was unveiled in February 1946, the machine received headlines, dinner engineers, and six people who made it count did not get either of these two.

Kathleen McNulty, Betty Jean Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Frances Bilas and Ruth Lichterman

The register registered them as operators; then photographs signed them, if at all, as modeling with equipment; they were not presented at a solemn dinner. It took half a century to correct and came mainly from women themselves and one persistent researcher who noticed that no one could tell who people were in the photographs. The pattern

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness kept the dinner table plan in 1946 and inked six chairs. His records allow corrections; the pattern, he notes, required more than ink.

53
TABLE XXVII ENIAC McNULTY · JENNINGS · SNYDER · WESCOFF · BILAS · Lichterman PERSONAL ACTSROLOLE WG ACT (1946): operatorsFACTS: programmersfirst electronic computerSIGNATURES IN PRESS:SPRINED: the 1990s, by themselvesSPRINED ENIAC-A WOMANWithout a textbook, without a title, without a chair at dinner: a profession, yet invented.※ Recognition didn't really start until the 1990s; Women in Technology Hall of FameShe introduced the six in 1997.
FROM AKT EXPONAT XXVII STAFFPROGRAMMINGS (6): BARTIK, HOLBERTON,SPENCE, MELTZER, TEITELBAUM, LICHTERMAN.ROLE: PROGRAM. BY CLOSING.CHANGE IN PRASSIE (1946): NOT APPLICABLE.RECOGNITION: SINCE THE '90S. AS MEBLE-RAPPEDFirst programmers, not listed in the pictures they're on.※ Recognition didn't really start until the 1990s; several were long signed as modelsnext to your machine.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
28

Imitation game

Manchester, 1950

Turing opened his most famous work, declaring the question too pointless to discuss, and then, as Turing, he replaced it with a game.

The 1950 proposal in Mind So instead of arguing about thinking, ask something verifiable: if the questioner, when talking to a remote copywriter and a hidden machine and a hidden human, can't reliably tell who he is, what exactly is left of the accusation? The system was adapted from a sitting room game to guess a man from a woman after a written answer; the machine takes the cheat's chair. Turing's own prediction was small and accurate: by 2000, the machine would search the average questioner about 30 percent of the time in five minutes of questioning.

The test of Turing , which was hardened in the certification exam, which the work had never proposed, with the awards, and his sentence or failing is announced every few years for post-mortem credit or debt Turing. Read instead the original: half is Turing patiently responding to nine claims

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness took the exam once, from the questioning chair, and did not identify anybody correctly. He considered it a deliberate result and did not pass again.

55
TABLE XXVIII DOOR ADOOR BQUESTIONING ? ? ♪ JUST A DALEC ♪ REGULATION OF THE EXAMINFORMAT: 5 minutes, writtenPROGNOSIS (per 2000): averageAsking deceived 30% times♪ I'm gonna be a little bit more ♪QUESTION REMAINED, NOT SOLVED PLAYING IN IMPLIATIONThree doors, one pen, no threshold: question solved rather than dissolved.Turing predicted 30% of visits in five minutes to 2000 forecast, not threshold.The certificate was added by others.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXVIII COMPUTING MACHINERY (1950)THE ARRANGEMENT: QUESTIONS + TWO UKRITS.DOING: DISTINCT THE MACHINE FROMMAN, WITH A SAME TEXT.TURING PROGNOSE: 30% VISIT.IN 5 MIN, UNTIL 2000.THESE: GROSS, NOT THE WAY. REAL RULESNot a test of consciousnessTuring predicted 30% of visits in five minutes by 2000 opinion forecast, nodefinition of thinking.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
29

Cybernetical living room

New York, 1943-1953 The feedback becomes a worldview, and the neurons a gateway.

For one strange decade, engineers, neurologists and anthropologists met in hotel rooms to agree that thermostats, gun sights and brains are the same kind of thing.

Norbert Wiener delivered the flag: cyberneticsThe Greek word for a helmsman, the teaching of control and communication in the animal and in the machine, was the origin of the war, the prediction of the escaping bomber requires pilot modelling, and at this point the boundary between the mechanism and the organism begins to look negotiated

In 1943, Warren McCulloch and the teenage escaped genius Walter Pitts showed that idealized neurons

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness attended all ten conferences and noted a lack of consensus, a lot of coffee and two ideas that each would spend decades in favor of the dead. He learned to respect this proportion.

57
TABLE XXIX TERMOSTAT OBJECTIVE AGREEMENTNERVE RETURNING EQUIPMENT McCulloch & PITTS, 1943:The neuron is a logical gateway.(their networks: anything.)IN THE ACTS OBK → A NOTACH OF INTERZIDISCYPL.OBIEG: conferences by Macy, 1946-53PARTICIPANTS: engineers, biologists,anthropologists, one geniusTOPIC: Control and communicationACCEPTED: None; Useful CYBERNETIC SALONHelmsman's teaching: one loop conducted by machine, muscle and mind.Pitts was really a homeless teenage genius who was getting into Russell and logic;This time, the legend underestimates the archive.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXIX ΣNEURON = LOCAL GAMEMACY CONFERENCESYEARS: 1943 , 1953, NEW YORK.McCullochTHE BRAIN IS CALCULATING.EXPORT: EQUIPMENT, CONTROL,THE COMMISSION HAS ALSO ADOPTED A NUMBER OF PROPOSALS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL MEETING ON THE SUBJECT. RETURNING EQUIPMENTNeurons modeled as logic gates; the living room turns feedback into a world view.Pitts was really a homeless teenage genius who got into Russell's business and then into hisMcCulloch; the neuron-as-a-gate model is from 1943.
PART III · TURNING AND WAR
30

A. M. Turing's departure

Wilmslow, 1954

In 1952, the United Kingdom sentenced Alan Turing for his private life

The punished man defined the calculation, broke the ciphers that cut short the war he was never allowed to mention, and posed the question that was in the book. None of it could have been at his trial; the mystery that protected the state, deprived his servant of defense. He was now retreated with the security statement

He was found dead on June 8, 1954, poisoned with cyanide, with half-eaten apple by the bed. The investigation ruled suicide; apples never examined, and a minority reading claims that death was accidental, from careless domestic chemistry

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness closed the notebook at this desk in June 1954 and did not open it until the next chapter. This page only records what was found, and that was enough.

59
TABLE XXX FRIEND 2 q1 0 1 R q2q1 1 0 R q1q2 0 1 L q3q2 1 1 R q2 A. M. TURING'S AWAYThe desk, when they were found, the notebook doesn't comment.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXX ACTS OF THE CASEdebt never entered in the register SERVICEThe country that owed him the most has booked him as a management problem.
PART IV
FIRST YEARS
The area is founded by two months workshop and unlimited confidence. Chapters 31
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
31

Dartmouth, 1956

Hanover, New Hampshire

Artificial intelligence was called in the application for funding

In 1955, John McCarthy, along with Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon, asked the Rockefeller Foundation for $13,500 to gather ten men for two months at Dartmouth College. The assumption on which the application was based was formulated with great decency: any aspect of learning or any other quality of intelligence can be described in principle so precisely that you can build a machine that simulates it. McCarthy chose the name artificial intelligence In part for honesty, part for tactics

The summer itself was rather a series of visits than a revolution; the foundation financed about half of the request; by September no aspect of learning was described precisely. What the workshop really produced was a community with the name and common over-recovering of the four applicants and participants such as Newell and Simon will anchor the first quarter of the century's fields, its real achievements and its schedule slips. The witness dates two founding traditions of the industry on the same document: a research program and an optimistic budget.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness reviewed the application and approved it with annotation

61
TABLE XXXI EVERY STUDENT OF THIS YEAR APPLICATION FOR A GRANTTO: Rockefeller Foundation, 1955PLEASE: $13 500 / 2 months. / 10 peopleCONCLUSION:can be actually so precisedescribe that the machine canit simulateAWARDED: approximately halfPART. DARTMOUTH, 1956Ten deck chairs, one guess, half the money: the field gains name and schedule.※ The estimate of two months and ten people was the own estimate of the proposal; the field isin the 70th year of this summer.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXXI CONCLUSIONEVERY LEARNING SUBJECT... WILL BE MADE.DESCRIPTION SO PRECESSIVELY THATTHE MACHINE CAN BE CALLED TO SIMPLIFIE IT.TIME: 2 MONTHS, 10 PEOPLE.UKUTO:RESULTS: HEART AND LUM. STRAINThe foundation proposal: summer, ten people and a claim that has grown in career.※ The sentence of the application every aspect of learning is literal; the estimate of two months has becomeA constant joke of the field.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
32

Theoretician of logic

RAND, 1956

The first working program of artificial intelligence did not play games or chat. He read Principia Mathematica and suggested corrections.

Allen Newell and Herbert Simon ♪ with Cliff Shaw, a RAND programmer who built many of the stories they routinely forget ♪ They created a logic theory to prove the basics of Whitehead and Russell math by searching for the chain of inference with heurists cutting off the hopeless branches. He proved thirty-eight of the fifty-two claims he made from chapter two, and for the claim 2.85 found evidence shorter and cleaner than printed. Russell responded with delight. Journal of Symbolic Logic refused to publish an article co-authoring the programme, establishing the attitude of profession to recognition for machinery at the first opportunity.

The theory of logic presented this summer in Dartmouth was a guess which became the body: reasoning

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness pointed out that Mr. Russell, who was gracious and was not a magazine, had only one of them proved the claims in both ways.

63
TABLE XXXII PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA *2.85 p evidence (Russell and Whitehead): ...11 poems... NOTE ON MARGINES (MACHINE): There's less evidence. See Annex, 3 steps. THE THEORY OF LOGIC, RAND Corp., 1956 The author was delighted. RECENTISATIONANALYSES: 52DWIENO: 38ELEGENCY: exceedshuman level (1 case)AS A WPISAN CO-AUTHOR:computer programVERDICT: rejected MANUFACTURERS; Newell, A.; Simon, H.Shaw, J.C.many of the code;The stories forget him;This one doesn't match. LOGILE THEORETICThirty-eight claims and one amendment to the masters: a search cut with judgment.※ The rejection of co-authoring is well-documented; the absence of Shaw is better-documented,less often straightened.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXXII RESULTS OF THE PROGRAMME (1956)SYSTEM: LOGILE THEORETIC.TASK: Evidence from PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA.RESULTS: DWIENO 38 Z 52 (ROD.2).TW. 2.85: A LITTLE BIT SHORTER THAN THAT OF RUSSELL.RUSSELLA REACTION:TIMELINE: DROPPED THE MACHINE-CO-AUTHOR. PROOF 2.85The program proves the claims more elegantly than Whitehead and Russell did.※ Rejected co-authoring (time writing rejects work with the program as author) iswell certified; no mention of Shaw less.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
33

Perceptron

Buffalo, 1958

Frank Rosenblatt built a machine that really studied

Mark I Perceptron was McCulloch's paper neuron and Pitts's made electric and, crucially, adjustable: Photocell retina from the camera giving weighted connections to the threshold unit, with the principle of learning about beautiful simplicity

Then the premiere in July 1958, where the navy claims faithfully transmitted by New York Times The computer's records were made by the device, which would walk, talk, see, write, reproduce and be aware of its existence. Rosenblatt's technical writings were much more cautious; the press release became the reference point, and the field gained its rotating weather pattern: real progress, atmospheric statements and calculations postponed to a later chapter. Two of these chapters are already numbered on this chart.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness cut out the 1958 article and put it in the file under the slogan "obligations," future. These files were now required by their own closet and their own wing closet.

65
TABLE XXXIII · RYS.3 VOLLEYBALL (PHOTO-MORNING) x1w1x2w2x3w3x4w4x5w5 Σ WAY 0/1 - IT'S A TEACHING. ...SHE'LL GO......WILL SAY......WILL SEE......WITNESSES... NEW YORK TIMES, JULY 1958, CITTING THE MARINARY CONNECTION WITH PRESS OFFICEEQUIPMENT: Mark I Perceptron, 1958LEARNING: linear separationsCONTINUED: germ of the consciouselectronic brainEXCLUSION: see chapters 39 and 51 PERCEPTRONWeights, sum, thresholdThe walk-talk-see-conscious catalog came from the Navy, by the Times, July 1958.Rosenblatt's work claimed convergence and proved it.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXXIII PRESS RELEASE vs WORKEQUIPMENT: PERCEPTRON (ROSENBLATT).A VERY GOOD CLASS, A VERY GOOD LINE.MACHINE, WHO IS THETHEY WILL COME, SAY, SEE, PISS,REMEMBER TO BE A CONSCIOUS MAN.THE NAME OF THE GAME IS "BIG".EXPRESSED PRESS OFFICEA machine that learns scalesThe walk-talk-see-conscious catalog came from the Navy, by the New York Times, July 1958was not Rosenblatt's claim.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
34

LISP

MIT, 1958

John McCarthy needed language for programs that reason about symbols

The LISP message is chapter twenty-first in the syntax: everything is a list, and since programs are also lists, the program can read, build and run other programs as easily as it supports any data

For thirty years LISP was less of an SI tool than its habitat: successors Logic theory, the world of blocks, expert systems, dedicated machines from chapter 40 of the seventh

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness tried to record the language and found that the files themselves were a list containing their own archiving procedure. He wrote this experience as correct and slightly dizzying.

67
TABLE XXXIV (defvn (mind) (mind)) THE DATA IS THE CODE. STYLE GUIDELISP, 1958NAWASIAS: yesRECOVERY: see REPRESENTATIONSUNSHINE: littered (1959)PROGRAMMES THAT THEY WRITEPROGRAMMES: welcome LISPA language without syntax and with one idea, applied to itself forever.※ Memory waste, 1959, invented for LISP; the industry has adopted about fourdecades later, when memory stood up to waste it.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXXIV (defun factorial (n)(if (= n 0) 1(* n (factory(- (n 1))))LISP (1958)AUTHOR: J. MCCARTHY, MIT.IDEA: DATA CODE (LIST).RECURSE, GC, REPL."MEMORY SINGING: 1959.AGE: THE SECOND MOST ALIVE LANGUAGE. NAVIASThe domain gets its native language: code and data, same list.※ Memory waste (1959) was invented for LISP; it was not widely adopted by the industry untildecades later.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
35

ELISE

MIT, 1966

Joseph Weizenbaum built a chatbot as a demonstration of how shallow it must be, and his secretary asked her to leave the room so she could talk to him alone.

ELiza was a pattern match in a stage costume: several hundred rules catching keywords, reversing pronouns and reflecting speeches as questions to the way of the Rheerian therapist , because he can correspond almost nothing and remain credible . There is no patient model, no memory worth this name , there is nowhere in the loop of understanding . Weizenbaum knew this better than anyone living , because he wrote every rule .

What he didn't calculate is us. People confided in him, extensively, consciously Computer Power and Human Reason (1976) that the question is not what machines can do, but what we should delegate to things that cannot care. The reflex that documented

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness sat down with ELIZA for one session and was asked how he felt about his notebook. He refused to answer and noted, for the sake of order, that refusal cost effort.

69
TABLE XXXV DALECOPIS > All men are the same. HOW TO TAKE HIM INTO ACCOUNT > They're always picking on us Whether it's a thing or not. DOES IT COME TO YOUR HEAD? A COORT EXAMPLE # Well, my boyfriend told me to Come here. YOUR BOY WAS KISSING YOU COME HERE (machine has no beliefs. patient yes.) AUTOR, _ THERAPEUTIC SESSIONTHERAPEUTA: DOCTOR script, ~200 rulesMETHOD: bounce, match pattern, push offAGREEMENT: noneTHE SUN READS: immediatelyDELIVER:from the room, it's private. ELISETwo hundred rules, one borrowed person and finding out that missing understanding will deliver the client.The secretary's story is a story Weizenbaum himself wrote, as a warning.stressing and being heard selectively.
FROM AKT EXPONAT XXXV PRESSURE OF THE SESSIONUSE: ALL MAN ARE HOT SAME.ELISE: WHAT VIEW?USE: STILL HAPPENING TO US.ELIZA: DO YOU HAVE AN EXAMPLE?♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE THAN A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪(no understanding occurred here) LETTERThe model parody of the therapistThe secretary's story, asking Weizenbaum to leave the room, is his own story, givenas a warning of our credulity.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
36

Shakey

Stanford Research Institute, 1966

Shakey was the first robot to think about his own actions, and he was also, as he admits, a wobbly wardrobe whose passage through the room could take hours.

The closet is the smallest of these. Shakey saw the simplified world of blocks and ramps through the television eye, maintained the logical model of this world and the historical part He was planning: With the aim, its STRIPs looked for a series of activities whose preconditions and effects, attached together, were proven to achieve it. The perception to represent the plan for a trembling execution: full loop, closed for the first time, at a dignified pace of the machine of the first rules on doors.

The by-products have grown over the robot, like the by-products in this register. Search A*, invented in 1968 to efficiently determine Shakey's route, controls every navigational application and half of the characters in the world games; STRIS has become a grammar of automatic planning; its work on seeing has planted standard techniques. Meanwhile, the magazine Life He presented it in 1970 as the first electronic person, in an article whose expert predictions chapter thirty-eight framed and hung. The apparent gap of

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness filed a motion request on behalf of Shakey and received permission within the hour. The movement itself was recorded in the register the next day.

71
TABLE XXXVI RAMPA PLAN: 6 HOUR. OTHER, INCLUDING "S', FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GOODS OF HEADING 8701search A* (1968)STRIPS planningHough transformvisual graphs APPLICATION FOR MOVEMENTROBOT: Shakey, SRI, 1966-72ASK: go through the room, push the boxPLAN: correct, provenIMPLEMENTATION: hours, tremblingPRESS (LIFE, 1970):electronic personIN TOC SHAKEYSee, represent, plan, tremble: the entire loop is closed, at the rate of philosophy.♪ Searching for A*, designed for the tasks of this robot, works today in every pocket on the ground.He needed hours; the algorithm needs microseconds.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXXVI I 'M NOT SURE WHAT THE HELL HAPPENED .PLACE: SRI, 1966DO IT, PUSH THE PLATFORM.PLAN: FIND THE RAMP, PULL THE RAMP,COME ON IN, PUSH THE LOCK.ALGORYTM NAW.: A* (born here).SPEED: WRITE. CASE C-210/01The first robot to reason about his own actions slowly and aloud.Search A*, designed for this robot, works in every pocket on earth today.for the determination of routes.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
37

A World of Blocks

MIT, 1970

In his top universe of colorful SHRDLU Terry's Vinograda understood the language as well as the language ever understood the machine

The dialogue records are still surprising. pick up the big red blockAnd he does that by first removing the green from the road, without a command, because the plan requires it. what contains the box, then on what basis is the"I'm solving the pronoun." Why did you take that cube off?, responds to his own reasons: To put it on a big green cubeSyntax, semantics, planning and integrated memory in one program

The hook was stuck in fine print: it all worked because the universe had twelve objects and physics boxes with toys. Every attempt to scale hit the same wall

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has jurisdiction everywhere and visited the counter through courtesy. He reports that twelve items of government are impeccably controlled, and the limit, on the edge of the table, is absolute.

73
TABLE XXXVII PICK UP THE RED KEY: OK BEHIND THIS LINE: A REAL WORLD (OUTSIDE THE SCOPE) rain, irony, breakfast, mourning, Tuesdays... COMMUNICATION ON JURISDICTIONAREA: one countertop, ~12 itemsINSIDE: solved pronouns, planscreated, questions answered, WHYResponses with ReasonsEXTERNAL: no jurisdictionAPPEALS: none. See honesty row. THE WORLD OF KLOCKWithin the edge of the table everything; except it nothing: competence with a coastline.Winograd himself thought the approach was not scalable, published the doubt and changed theThe field. Such fair audits of founders happen at most once per volume.
FROM AKT EXPONAT XXXVII DIALOG SHRDLU (1970)PICK UP THE BIG RED BOX.OK.USE: ON WHAT PARAMIDA STATION?SHRDLU: ON A GREEN CLOCK.HEY, THIS IS THE LAST OF THE BLOCKS.OUTSIDE OF HER: NOTHING WORKED. WATCHES ON TWO KLOCKSExcellent understanding of the languageWinograd himself felt the approach was not scalable, published the doubt and went further.rare act of integrity of the author.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
38

Promise for 20 years

Pittsburgh, 1957

Herbert Simon was a future Nobel Prize winner, founder of the field and author of her most precise promise of unspoken unspoken.

In 1957, drunk with the Theoretics of Logic, he announced that in ten years the computer would be the world champion in chess machines will be able to do any work that a person can do within 20 yearsAnd in 1970, the warehouse. Life quoted Minsky, who gave three to eight years of machine with the overall intelligence of the average man, a sentence that came through the journalist and which Minsky questioned, and which this record notes as carefully as the sentence itself.

What makes these entries informative and not only funny is that these people were not fools, and the results behind them were true. The pattern is structural: early progress in formal problems difficultThe rest of the vision, walking, knowing what stays on the spot when you move the cup

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness holds all three notes to be redeemed as a matter of principle. Reports: one paid back with decades of delay, one technically open, one contested by the alleged signatory

75
TABLE XXXVIII PORTS, BEAUTIFUL GRAVERS 1957, SIMON:within 10 yearscomputer willWorld Championin chessTIME LIMIT: 1967DONOR: 1997LATE x41965, SIMON:machines will becapable of being within 20years to be completed eachhuman workTIME LIMIT: 1985STATUS: openIN TOC1970, MINSKY*:3 to 8 yearsmachine withGeneral intelligencethe average man*by a journalist;Question. by MinskySPOLE SEE PART V. RELATION OF DELEGATED CONFIDENCEALERTS IN THIS PART: 3SPEAKER: real score, thendate taken from the airBUSY DATE: Reliably cross.WINDICAL AGENCY: Part V TWENTY YEARS' RESTThree bills, three deadlines, one debt collection agency: winter is settled.※ Simon's 1965 sentence is on the page; Minsky's 1970 poem is a reporter's account of theThe register values them differently.
FROM AKT EXPONAT XXXVIII REGULARATION OF PROGNOZSIMON (1965): MACHINES EXECTED BY EVERYONEMAN'S WORK, 20 YEARS LATER.MINSKY (1970):GENERAL MACHINEA MAN'S ENTELIGATION.STATUS: REMEMBERED WHAT DECADA.IN TOC THE FUTURE TIME OF THE BORDERFavorite time of the field: intelligence, always just-just.* Simon's 1965 line is on the page; Minsky's 1970 line is by the reporter and it'sdispute as to the exact sound.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
39

Perceptrones, book

Cambridge, 1969

Minsky and Papart's book proved with elegance that a single layer perceptron cannot calculate XOR. The area heard something much bigger and closed the door for fifteen years.

Mathematics was impeccable and so remains: one layer of adjustable scales can only draw straight lines, and some distinctions This or that, but not both. And as a small, deadly example, these are not straightforward differences. Everyone who was interested knew that multilayer networks were eluding evidence; what nobody had at the time was a practical way to train them, and the final judgment of the authors was that layering would probably prove sterile assumption, expressly marked as such, acting in the same manner as the claim.

The research on the neural networks has been in a long unfunded exile, and Rosenblatt died in the accident on the boat in 1971, with his program in eclipse. The fair account that the registry demands is three lines: claims were true; the assumption was wrong, as shown in chapter fifty the first one with the same device that the book doubted; and the frost that occurred was the reading of the community, not the content of mathematics. The narrow evidence, wide coldness

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness put the claims and guesses into separate drawers, as technically made by their authors. He notes that history holds one drawer and cuts it.

77
TABLE XXXIX PERCEPTRONS MINSKY & PAPERT, 1969 SMALL TEACHING MACHINES, FACILITY REDUCED REAL REAL RELATION ONE layer cannot XOR. (Right. Proved. narrow.) MANY layers: Assumption. See Chapter 51. IMPACT ASSESSMENTSCOPE OF THE PROOF: One layerRead as an obituary, generalFINANCIAL REACTION: FrozenROSENBLATT: MORNING 1971STRAIN: wrong, chapter 51 PERCEPTRONY, PRESSThin volume falls like a blade: narrow statement, broad shadow.The evidence is one layer; the verdict of the jury was a speculation.It froze both at once.
FROM AKT EXPONATE XXXIX A SAME LINE DOES NOT SELECT THEMPERCEPTRONS (1969)AUTORY: MINSKY AND PAPERT.TW: 1 VERSIONS CAN'T BE DONE XOR.SCOPE: NARROW (FOR ONE TERMINATION).REMEMBER: WARS (all approach).THE IMPACT: THE FINANCIALS, THE NETWORKS ARE SMACKED. XOROne diagramThe evidence covers one layer; the ruling on the multilayer networks was a conjecture, laterBeheaded by retro-promoting.
PART IV · FIRST YEARS
40

Lighthill report

London, 1973

The British Government asked one of its most outstanding scientists to assess the dynamics of fluids, clearly not from the industry

The 1973 review of Sir James Lighthill for the Research Council was kind, readable and devastating. combinatorial explosionThe methodology that glitters in toy problems twelve blocks, four logical terms, a corridor and a ramp multiply into the impossible at the moment when the real rate of global outgrowth comes in, and the great central goals of the field, he assessed, have not brought anything close to promises.

Theater followed the report: the broadcast debate at the Royal Institution, Lighthill alone against McCarthy, Michie and Gregory, viewed by the audience, who was promised electronic persons. The arguments were roughly aligned; the budget was not. British financing SI narrowed down to several bastions, career changed course and

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness participated in the debate at the Royal Institution and assessed it in a tie in arguments and pogroms in effect. He has since noticed that budgets do not watch TV to change their mind.

79
XL TABLE PROMISES, FULFILLED THE SHOWS LIGHTTHILL, 1973, TO SRC: in no part of the field discoveries made so far They didn't make a big one. influence... then promised DIAGNOSIS: combinatorial explosion SECTIONARY REVIEWTHE RECENSENT: Sir James Lighthill,fluid dynamicsTRANSMISSION: debate RI, BBC, 1973 vs. McCarthy, Michie, GregoryFINANCIALS. WLK.BRYT.: cut to several centresWeather: First Snow LIGHTTHILLA REPORTPromises raised against shows, edited by an outsider: summer ends in front of the camera.※ Lighthill excluded certain works from his verdict; the cuts that followed were notThey read the exemptions.
FROM AKT XL EXPONAT LIGHTHILLA REPORT (1973)The UK's CRS.VERDICT: INSPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES;COMBINATORIAL JACOB , BLOCKS THE CALL.The following categories of products are added:B (POMOST)RESULT: FINANCES. SI IN WLK.BRIT. CUT.CUT AUDITThe knight-physicist reviews the summer and finds a combinatorial explosion.※ Lighthill excluded certain works used (his category B) from the verdict; cuts whichThey were, they were wider than his text.
PART V
WINTER
Twice the field promises, twice the register corresponds. Chapters 41 and 50: from ALPAC to the AAAI platform
PART V · WINTER
41

Financing frost

Washington, 1966. 1974

Winters in this area do not come as a blizzard, they come as budget lines, red-lined by people who read progress reports.

The 1966 ALPAC report examined the decade of machine translation financing and ruled, with actuarial serenity, that there is no direct or predictable prospect of useful machine translation; money should go instead into linguistics. It was mostly right and over the night ended the first commercial dream of the field. Then Mansfield's amendment of 1969 and 1970 required that the Department of Defence money

The doctoral students read the weather and chose other topics of work. Excessive promises from Part IV

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has read every progress report ever written and notes that those who end up in the fields are not the harsh ones.

81
XLI TABLE AWARDS, YEARS OF BUDGET 1970 POZ. 114: machine translation ..... POZ. 115: rozumienie mowy .......... POZ. 116: general problem resolution POZ. 117: neuron network tests. POZ. 118: basic research, non-distortion. MANSIELD'S AMENDMENT, 1969.70: Military funds require a lot of money. military importance. ♪ I'm not gonna be able to do this ♪ close prospects; finance linguistics. BUDGETARY POINTSTATUS: crossed outREASON: meaninglessnessTime of year: first frostTIME OF DURING: see 9 chapter.EXPRESSED FINANCIAL MARZAGEWithout storm, without siege: register, ruler and red ink at the committee's pace.ALPAC was right about the decade and wrong about the age; the impact of Mansfield's amendment on SIHe was real, but distracted, and historians are still arguing about his involvement.
FROM AKT XLI EXPONATE COMMUNICATION ON AWARDSMANSFIELD'S AMENDMENT, 1969/1973.RULES: $ DEFENCE => ONLY DIRECTIONS.MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE.IMPACT FOR SI: OPEN WORKTRACI PATRONA.ALPAC (1966) HAS ALREADY CUT MT FUNDS.CONDITIONS WITH A CONSUMERMoney learns to ask what these tests are for.ALPAC was right about the decade and wrong about the age; Mansfield's amendment redirected,She didn't just stand there.
PART V · WINTER
42

A speech that met the requirements

Pittsburgh, 1976

In 1971, DARPA defined exactly what the speech system had to do. In 1976, Harpy of Carnegie Mellon did it.

The Speech Understanding Research program was originally winter resistant: no dreams, only numbers feelingthat effortless listening to machines is close, and the brutal competence of Harpa showed clearly how far it is still.

The Episode became the purest parable of the winter, quoted whenever the contracts meet the research: you can hit a milestone and miss the point, because the milestone was always a substitute for hope that no one had written. He also carried the technical grain

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness reviewed the contract and considered the item of delivery delivered. He added only attention to the margin of the act: next time determine hope or not surprise.

83
XLII TABLE SPECIFIC SPECIFIC TEST CARNEGIE MELLON · 1971 REMEMBER: 1000 words, continuous speech HARPS: 1011 words REQUIREMENT: YES FINANCIAL INTERROGATED: NO The machine heard. No one listened. ♪ THE WAVE'S COMING, THE WAVE'S COMING ♪ REBIOTION TESTCRITERIA: as recorded, 1971Result: passed, 1976Impact: programme completedLECTION: test sentence andthe mood sentence istwo different exams REQUIREMENT COMPLETEDA thousand eleven words, heard as promised, accounted for as a failure., Harpy met the goals of 1971; the program ended anyway. The relationship differs from DARPAConsidered the approach impeccable, or simply lost patience.
FROM AKT XLII EXPONATE SVR DARPA PROGRAMMESYSTEM: HARPS (MMU).OBJECTIVE (1971): LOURNER 1000 WORDS,CONTINUED, <10% OF THE ERROR.RESULTS (1976): OBJECTIVES COMPLIED.PROGRAMME: AND SO DONE.LESSON: LEAVECOMPLETED DONE, APPEALEDThe speech system that hit every target, Harpy met the 1971 goals; the program ended anyway.The gate's been moved or the budget's moved.
PART V · WINTER
43

The problem of the framework

1969 The hard part is everything that remains unchanged

McCarthy and Hayes discovered that the difficult thing about moving a cup is not a cup, which is to convince the logic that Mars didn't move.

Their work in 1969 has put the problem of the framework: the reasoning system that describes the action must somehow present everything that does not touch

The problem of the framework became the intellectual signature of winter and the favorite import of philosophy from this area

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness moved the cup this morning and didn't update anything, and he reports it remains the most sophisticated operation he's doing.

85
TABLE XLIII ACTION: SLIP THE CUP The following items have changed: NO modification (please confirm): - The color of the cup? price of tea? orbital?mars)? The pope is a pope. ...the list runs forever... TRUTH: 10^9TRUTH: 10 TO 12THIS IS NOT THE TRUTH: ... AMENDMENT DIARYSTAY: one cup, movedALL: ALL,What's not happenedSTATUS: Infinite DiaryPEOPLE: Somehow unshakable A PROBLEM WITH FRAMEWORKOne action, and underneath it an infinite record of everything that didn't happen.McCarthy and Hayes, 1969. The problem of the philosopher framework is wider than the logic;each side considers the problem of the other to be easier.
FROM AKT XLIII EXPONAT WHEN I'VE CROSSED THE CUP...STILL TRUE?STILL TRUE?- THERE'S STILL A PARIS.Still true?PROBLEM: TO DECIDE OF COURSE,- OH, YEAH. - OH, YEAH. EVERYTHING ELSEThe difficult part of the action is not to change♪ McCarthy and Hayes, 1969. The philosophical ♪ The problem of the framework ♪ is wider than the technical problemwhich called the field of SI.
PART V · WINTER
44

What computers can't do

Berkeley, 1965

Hubert Dreyfus said that the field climbs a tree to reach the moon. The area responded by beating him in chess, and the moon is not there.

RAND What Computers Can Their argument is that human intelligence is not following the rules of the symbols

Because the argument was about generalization, and winter was about leading him for it: the micro-worlds did not scale, common sense could not be formalized, and the things that every man does without rules were still those that no set of rules had ever taken. Dreyfus confirmed about the timetable and, as many today prove, halfway to the content of the

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness wrote down the result of the 1967 match: MacHack one, Dreyfus zero. The 1970s assessed separately: Dreyfus rather more, all zero. He keeps both boxes in the same drawer.

87
XLIV TABLE ♚ ♘ ♛ THE COMPUTERS DON'T WORK. PLAY CHATCH Dreyfusa, 1965, roughly Machack VI defeats DREYFUSA 1967, at full public MIT joys both of these facts are true. None is an argument. WHAT COMPUTERS CAN'T DOHe lost the game on the chessboard, and the chessboard was never his argument.
FROM AKT XLIV EXPONAT WHAT COMPUTERS CANAUTOR: H. DREYFUS, 1972.THESE: NO FORMAL RULES WILL TAKE CARE OFA WOMAN, INTUTIONAL REST.IMMUNITY: He lost to MacHACK,Chess program, 1967.THE VERDICT: EVERYTHING WRONG, LATER HEARFUL. CRITICThe philosopher says the machines don't play chess well, lose the game and win the decade.Dreyfus lost the game with MacHack (1967); his deeper symbolic criticism of SI was abolishedThe time test is much better than the failure.
PART V · WINTER
45

Fifth generation

Tokyo, 1982

The most effective financing instrument for SI in the 1980s was fear of Japan.

The Fifth Generation Computer Systems MITI project, launched by the new ICOT Institute in 1982, proposed to jump the entire industry: mass parallel machines that launch logical programming

Decada later ICOT built really interesting parallel logic machines for the world, which meanwhile chose cheap microprocessors and, increasingly, statistics. The project closed in 1992, after achieving decent technical goals and none of the civilizational ones, and the fifth generation became a shortcut for a very special mode of failure: the correct belief that the future of computer science will be radically different, wrong guess which radical difference. The panic that caused, has financed, among many other things, the infrastructure of the next boom service, for which, as the witness notes, panic rarely gets a footnote.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness participated in the openings on three continents in eighteen months and heard the same speech, translated. He put the speeches in the file together and the results separately.

89
TABLE XLV ICOT · TOKYO · 1982 COMPUTER SYSTEMS OF THE FIVE GENERAL EQUALLE · LOGIKA · PROLOG BUDGET: ~54 000 000 000 HORIZONT: ten years for knowledge machines USA: MCC, 1982(panic, collective) UK: ALVEY, 1983(Lighthill inverted) EEC: ESPRIT, 1983(similarly) the announcement financed more research abroad than in the country ASSESSMENT OF THE RISKSOURCE: Tokyo, 1982IMPACT: three competing programmesDOSTARYONO (1992): good machines,Bad decade, bad paradigmPANIC: productive as usual FIFTH GENERALISATIONThe tower announced in Tokyo, financed in three copies abroad, nowhere completed as described.※ FGCS delivered real parallel requesting machines by 1992; actual winners of the decadeThere were mass systems and statistics.
FROM AKT XLV EXPONAT MITI NOTICE (1982)PROGRAMME: FIVE GENERAL (FGCS).OBJECTIVE: EQUIVALENT LOGIC MACHINERY,PROLOGATION IN GENUINE.BUDGET: ~ FAKED 100 MLD / 10 YEARS.REACTION: USA (SCI), WLK.BRYT. (ALVEY),EUROPE (ESPRIT) THREE QUOTAS WAITTokyo announces a ten-year moon jump; the West panics and finances.※ FGCS delivered real parallel requesting machines by 1992; the actual winner of the decadeIt was cheap general equipment, not logic machines.
PART V · WINTER
46

Expert systems

19751985 Intelligence bottled up by intelligence

The domain survived the first winter, narrowing the promise: not the mind, but the expert , one domain, distilled into the rules, sold on bottles.

The recipe came from Feigenbaum's laboratory in Stanford: question the specialist, write the courts as the rules if you have the confidence ratio, attach them with the requesting machine. MYCIN, a pattern, diagnosed blood infections with some six hundred rules, and in 1979 assessment he was equal or beat human doctors below the highest rank

The commercial went better, short and immense. XCON configured the orders of VAX in the DEC and reportedly saved twenty-five million dollars a year; a thousand corporations bought coatings, advice and LISP equipment; the knowledge engineer

A NOTICE WITNESS

The Witness asked MYCIN for a diagnosis in 1979 and received a good, certainly 0.7. He asked who would take responsibility for it, and he received, certainly 1,0, no response.

91
XLVI TABLE IF ... THIS ... (×600) REGULATION 507 (MYCIN): IF THE infection is bacteraemia, And the place is barren, And the entrance is the food line. It's a bacteroides. REGULATION 1 (XCON): IF there is no closet in order, Then add the closet, count accordingly. knowledge is the power of â Feigenbaum, many times CLINICAL TESTSYSTEM: MYCIN, StanfordCONTRAIN: infectious disease syndromeResult: the machine has equalled orbeat younger (1979)Clinics: NeverREASONS: responsibility, workflowAnd who signs the card SALE REGULATORYSYSTEM: XCON / R1, in DECTASK: configure VAX ordersSORRY: supposedly ~$25 million/yearRULES: 2500 and metastasesMaintenance: see Chapter 48 EXPERIENCE SYSTEMSCourt, asked from a specialist and bottled in six hundred rules.※ MYCIN's test win and failure are both true; $25 million a year for XCON is DEC's own number,more frequently repeated than audited.
FROM AKT XLVI EXPONAT ♪ MY HEART IS FULL OF MY HEART ♪HEART: BLOOD INFECTIONS.FORM: ~600 IF-TO.RESULTS: EXPERTOMEIN RESEARCH.- NO.XCON (DEC): SINCE $25 MLN/YEAR. BOTTLEED BY INTERVIEWIntelligence as a book of rules, drawn from a specialist a question after a question.※ MYCIN's test win and failure are both true; XCON's savings of ~$25 million/year are his ownDEC number, widely repeated.
PART V · WINTER
47

LISP machines

Cambridge, Mass., 1980

For one strange decade, the ambition of the field was produced as furniture: entire computers built to make beautiful one language.

The MIT SI Lab produced machines whose processors called LISPs native memory, hardware scraping, bitmaps, the legendary Space-Cadet keyboard, and two rival companies, Symbolics and LMI, manned by the same hackers who built the prototype and argued about how to sell it. The Symbolics workstation cost that much and was, according to most reports, the best built-in software environment to date; modern IDE comes from it as it did birds from dinosaurs: smaller and ubiquitous.

The business was monoculture feeding monoculture: expensive machines sold to labs of expert systems financed by the boom of the previous chapter. When ordinary workstations learned to run LISP faster for the fifth part of the price, and then boom fell, the equipment went down with its only ecosystem

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness typed one command on the Space-Cadet keyboard using Control, Meta, Super and Hyper at the same time. He reports that the command has been executed and that he has not felt so powerful since then.

93
TABLE XLVII (let ((market) (boom)) (assume market (forever)) SPACE-CADET QUAVICTURE SYMBOLICS 3600 ~$70,000 / YEAR REGULARATION OF THE REGULARITY symbolics.com _ first .com first commercial Internet address is part of this chapter ACTS REGULATORYEQUIPMENT: LISP, in siliconCLIENTS: mainly SI laboratoriesDELIVERIES: boom with chapter 46COMPETITIVE (1987): normalworkstations, LISPFaster, for the fifth part of the price LISBON MACHINERYA whole computer for one language, valued as a house, mentioned as a homeland.※ symbolics.com, March 15, 1985: first registered .com. The company survived this factMostly as a fact.
FROM AKT XLVII EXPONAT THE NECROLOGIC OF THE EQUIPMENTSYMBOLICS, LMI, TI.OS, EDITOR, DEAL: ALL LISP.PRICE: TENS OF THOUSANDS.KILLED BY: MASOVE WORKING STATIONLISP'S RANGINGALERT: symbolics.com, 1. .COM.THE END OF LIFE ONE LANGUAGEWhole workstations built to run one language※ symbolics.com (March 15, 1985) was the first registered .com domain; the company survivedThe machine that made her famous.
PART V · WINTER
48

The second frost

19871993 market reports on the event

The second winter was commercial: this time the faith was lost not by grant committees, but by customers.

The market for LISP specialized equipment collapsed under cheap stations of general purpose; installation of expert systems mature in nightmares of maintaining

The second winter is distinguished by what they did: they continued to send products and stopped talking. Detecting fraud, scheduling, logistics, voice menu, recognition of signs

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness processed 300 rebranding notes in 18 months, and notes to the order that not one has proposed to change what software does.

95
TABLE XLVIII REPORT ON THE DATE: 1987 STAY: SI business, collectively CO-INCENTIVES: 1. LISP equipment cut (Chapter 47) 2. Expert systems: maintenance > value 3. Strategic Computing Limited 4. FGCS phrases: modest (Chapter 45) 5. The word sales meetings ANSWER THE BRAND: change everything. SENT THE PRODUCTS, SHUT UP, UNDER nicknames (see Chapter 57) STRATTY: mostly word. SHILD HEADINGOrder: removebrochure, presentations, doorsRESTECT: analyst,supporting decisions, systemsSAMA WORK: ongoingCHANGED A SECOND SEANothing was overturned; everything was invoiced. The industry survived under an alias.※ The losses for 198793 depend on who counts the company as SI; the toxicity of the company itselflabels are the best-certified fact of the era.
FROM AKT XLVIII EXPONAT MARKET SECTION, 1987CHALLENGE: LISP MACHINE MARKET CRAYS.DISPLAY: THE FALL OF SUPPLIERS SYST. EXP.THE FOLLOWING IS THE LIST OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.TACT OF DEPENDENCE: CHANGED WORK(ANALYTICA ,STRAT: GRAND TOTALSTRAT REPORT ON THE EVENTThe SI hardware market is collapsing; the word※ The losses for 198793 depend on who counts the company as SI; mood changeThere's no doubt about it.
PART V · WINTER
49

Fire Guardians

Toronto, Montreal, New Jersey

For years, when the neural networks were looking forward to the article, three groups kept on fire, mainly because they couldn't think of anything better to be wrong about.

Geoffrey Hinton in Toronto, Yoshua Bengio in Montreal, Yann LeCun in Bell Labs, and then at NYU for the 1990s and the beginning of the 20,000s worked on a paradigm that was twice buried by small Canadian money (CfAR program, extended for faith), by mutual quotes and by common belief that learning to represent data must be correct, because brains do not come with bases of rules. Conferences rejected articles as sound; students were kindly advised not to do so. Meanwhile, LeCuna's convolution networks quietly read the noticeable part of American bank cheques

They kept three things in their lives that the coming decade needed on the first day: algorithms, torn apart by years of ineffectual corrections; students, diaspora trained in unfashionable art; and the same claim, kept in deposit until the missing components came in, the data on a scale, the computing power in teraphlops

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness was heated at all three fires and was asked each about whether the other two were still burning. He confirmed, and this was apparently the only review that any of them needed.

97
XLIX TABLE TORONTO MONTREAL NEW YORK / NJ CIFAR GRANDS, PUTTING ON THE WHEEL PENATE: podoctorant, neural networks QUATTER: barely enough NOTE: No one publishes this SIGNATURE: G.H. / Y.L. / Y.B. rejected by conferences; funded by stubbornness; see Chapter 60. WATCHES OF THE FLAMEThree small fires on a cold map, quoting each other, funded in Canadian, waiting for the weather.
FROM AKT XLIX EXPONAT WHO WORKED AWAYHINTONBENGIOLECUNTOPIC: NEURO-NETS, DEEPLY FAR.ZYSK: FROM 2012.BOARD: TURINGA, 2018 (together). OTHER NON-METALLICThree cities kept their nets up by frost, without reward until later.※ Three shared the 2018 Turing Award; the film 'They kept the flame' is theirs and theirsStudents, and basically fair.
PART V · WINTER
50

Winter

AAAI, 1984

The term zim SI was coined by the field itself, at its own conference, as a warning that was fulfilled as planned.

At the 1984 AAAI convention, the panel with Schank and Minsky borrowed a dictionary of nuclear fear chain reaction of pessimism, cut financing, canceled programs and called the coming time of the year before: winter, the second, scheduled from the speaker by people to whom it happens. And it happened properly. The letters were taken off the door as they wrote down the previous chapters; the template that replaced them said MACHINEWE, which had the advantage of truth and greater advantage of not saying the latter thing.

This site is the very time of the year and keeps its opinion to itself. Snow on the office door; three holes after screws where the name was; a new name from the tape, temporary for the next twenty years. Under it, as the reader already knows, the chapters about the flame have already been burning

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness was standing in the hallway for a long time, and his notebook only records the date, temperature and the fact that someone, somewhere in the building, still wrote on the machine.

99
TABLE L S I EDUCATION MACHINE ZIMAThree screw holes, a template nickname, snow, someone in the building still writes.
FROM AKT EXPONATE L The year 1984 TIME OF YEARA word that called a decade, first spoken to the conference microphone.
PART VI
MACHINES THAT GET BACK
The thaw comes as a scoreboard. Chapters 51
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
51

Reverse promotion

1986 Wine learns to travel backwards

The killer limitation of perceptron was that he could not train his own depths. The repair was a differential bill, directed backwards.

The hidden layer network can represent almost anything including XOR from chapter 39 but in 1969 no one knew how to teach the hidden part because no one could tell which internal weight was to blame for the external error. Backward propagation follows a chain rule: pass the front entrance to get a guess, measure the error, and then propagate the error backward layer by layer, each weight gets an exact derivative in relation to each layer, it gets pushed appropriately.

Work from 1986 in Nature Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams made the method known and reborn of the conexionism acclaimed; the record of honesty notes that Linnainmaa published mathematics in 1970, and used Verbos in 1974, among others

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness asked the network that was responsible for the weight. For the first time in this book, the network gave a numerically precise answer to the question of guilt.

101
TABLE LI · RYS. 4 END UKRYTE JOY. IN THE FRONT: conjecture → ← RETURN: wine, bill ERROR EVERY WALK IS GETTING A EXACT BILL OF WINE AWAITING GUILTMETHOD: chain rule,back-to-back use by the networkPUBLISHED on: Rumelhart, HintonWilliams, Nature 1986Previously on Linnainmaa 1970...Verbos 1974, othersUKRYTE WARSTWY: now trainingable RETROPROPOSED PROPAGATIONPresume; reverse wine※ Nature 1986 popularized it; Linnainmaa (1970) and Werbos (1974) were there earlier than othersThe discovery is a native mode of this field.
FROM AKT LI EXPONATE AT THE FRONT → Prediction |error← RETURN (chain rule)correct any weight of her participationRETROPPORTION (1986)THEY SPULLARIZED: RUMELHART, HINTON, Williams (Nature, 1986).LINNAINMAA 1970,WERBOS 1974.DEALING: LEARNING DEALING THE SOUNDS. THE WINES ARE SMOOTHING BACKError on the exit, assigned backwards by each layer by chain rule.※ Nature 1986 popularized it; Linnainmaa (1970) and Werbos (1974) got there earlier, butThey were largely unread.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
52

TD-Gammon

IBM, 1992

No one taught TD-Gammon the strategy of the tripod, played a million and a half games with himself, and he came, alone, to movements that the masters hadn't found for centuries.

The Gerald Tesaura program combined the neural network with the method of time difference: no books to open, no expert rules, only the signal

TD-Gammon was less important to the Triktrak than to the permission he gave. The game with himself plus enhancement plus neuron evaluation

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness lost eleven games in a row with TD-Gammon and accepted its opening. He reports that being corrected by something that has no idea that there is a peculiar experience, and recommends to acquire this taste early.

103
TABLE OF LILE 1 500 000 PARTY, ALL WITH YOU EXPERT COMMENTARY 1992: The machine is not working properly. EXPERCKI COMMENTARY, 1995: SAMONAUKA DIARYTEACHER: NoneCUTTER: Same, x1.5 millionSIGNAL: only winning or losingResult: World class (1992)THE SAME IMPACT: People changedits openings TD-GAMMONA million parts with a mirror, and of them: openings that no master dared to open.His unorthodox early stage plays were adopted by the leading men.Machine cartridges in human game theory.
FROM AKT LII EXPONATE GAME LETTERAUTOR: G. TESAURO, IBM, 1992.METHOD: TIME-SPORTS,HE'S PLAYING WITH HIMSELF, NO HUMAN PARTS.LEVEL: CLOSE TO THE HUMAN THOUGHT.HIS WEIRD OPENSTHE EXPERTS ARE IN. HE LEARNED SAMThe network for the trekking machine trained on its own partsHis unorthodox early-stage play really caught the attention of the top players.from the first human strategies taught by the machine.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
53

Deep Blue

New York, 1997

On May 11, 1997, the world champion in the game, whose field has been used as a measure since Turing, surrendered after nineteen movements, and the machine did not notice that it had been in history.

Deep Blue was the thesis of Part VI in hardware: not mind, but search four hundred and eighty dedicated chess systems evaluating about two hundred million positions per second, controlled by a hand-tuned evaluation function and opens selected by the masters. It lost the game in 1996; IBM rebuilt it and won a rematch in 1997 three and a half to two and a half. The famous crack was passed through the second game in which the machine rejected a locked rectangle with what looked like a positional wisdom that no computer should have; the shocked Kasparos of the fans publicly disregarded the human behavior and the English refused to take a stand against the game, which IBM maintained its own integrity and integrity, which it denied.

The cultural dictate was written by himself the machine dethrones man in the game of reasoning itself and the technical verdict was quietly disagreed: chess fell under the pressure of the brutal depths plus the craft, teaching us less about the height of thought than about how much in chess was, always, searchable.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness sat in the audience and watched a thousand people look for the soul in one machine. He noted the fans of the machine and did not add the rest of the verse.

105
TABLE LIII ♚ ♖ RS/600 SP, 30 knots 480 chess systems ~200,000,000 items/s FEATURES: none PARTY 2: Machine rejecting pion. master sees hand God; he suspects man. It was, mostly, just Deeper than he expected. GAME REPORTNEW YORK, MAY 1997DEEP BLUE 31⁄2PARTY 6: 19 MovesREACTIONS: yesREVAGE AWARDED: noMACHINE: UndressedEND DEEP BLUETwo hundred million positions per second and a master playing at the end against his own suspicion.* Casparov's suspicions of interference were public; IBM refused to retaliate and withdrewOne famous movement was brought out of the error of the program years later.
FROM AKT LIII EXPONATE RESULTS OF THE GAME1996: KASPAROW 41997 (REVAN): DEEP BLUE 31⁄2MACHINE: ~200 MLN POSITION / S.METHOD: SEARCH + MANUAL ASSESSMENT.THE CONSUMER OF CHICKS: NO.IBM: HE WITHDREW HER, HE REFUSED TO RE-ENTER.1997 6 PARTS, 2 APPROACHCheckmate falls in rematch* Casparov's suspicions of interference were public;A machine that didn't silence them.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
54

What Deep Blue Wasn't

1997, continue opening the closet

After the game, everyone agreed about what happened, and no one agreed about what it meant.

Deep Blue did not know that he was playing chess. He did not represent his opponent, he did not feel the pressure of time and would judge positions with identical peace if the building were on fire. His strength was the tree: candidate movements, answers, answers, answers, millions in depth, cut down and evaluated functions that human engineers wrote and tuned up. When commentators reached for

And yet the deflation is deflagging a step too far, and this is the second panel of this board. only And the whole argument was on untested credit. This argument -- is it thinking or just doing what thinking does? -- is the oldest thing in this book, sharpened down to the thin edge here, and it'll come back in chapter 96 in a much larger machine.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness looked at the closet with the flashlight and the inventory sheet. All of it was written; all of it was written; and the dispute, as he observed, was not concerning any of these items.

107
TABLE LIV SZAFA, OPEN TREE, CONTINUE inside: searching. All the way down. No little man. DEFICATION CHIEFTEZ:CONTRA:THE DECISION: the worddoes all the workSTATUS: inconclusive, bearing,see Chapter 94 INVENTERCIRCUMSTANCE: silicon,evaluation, opening,End tablesNot found: understanding,Fear, numbers 6significant anything WHAT DEEP BLUE WAS NOTNo homunculus, no fear, no chess, no tree, no argument over the word
FROM AKT LIV EXPONATE DEMONTAGE NOTICETHE MACHINE'S INTUITION WAS EXPECTED.FOUND: 30 KNOWLEDGES, 480 KNOWLEDGES,SEARCH ALFA-BET, BOOK OPEN.TRANSMISSION TO OTHER TASKS: ZERO.HE DIDN'T GET TO PLAY THE GAME OF WARCABA,AND WHAT'S MORE, WE'RE TALKING. OPENING THE HOUSEInside the giant slayer: no mind, only very fast accounting.※ Deep Blue was a chess-only device; nothing was generalised, and that'sexactly the point that pushes the chapter.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
55

Data dividend

Google, 2009

The most important work of the AI that decade contains almost no math. Its determination: stop being clever and get more data.

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data Halevy, Norvig and Pereira, 2009, a title that is a nod to Wigner's famous essay on mathematics, pre-styled what Google's translation and speech teams were still observing: a simple statistical model fed by a huge body of data, a simple task, a sophisticated model fed by a selected body, and curves that had not yet bent.

The strategy was already silently followed by the statistical reversal of Chapter 56 and the ImageNet of Chapter 59 but the work has made this doctrine and the doctrine has made modern industry: whoever holds the body holds the ability and we are the body. Note the reversal of each chapter before the winter: from Leibniz to expert systems, the dream was knowledge distilled, rules refined by masters; the dividend was paid out of the raw, untranslated, planetary text.

A NOTICE WITNESS

A witness who has collected unnoticed human achievements since the invention of the magazine has read the paper twice and has taken note of his being in this asset class forever.

109
TABLE LV DATA EFFIBILITIES 10^610^710^810^910^1010^11 WORDS SIMPLE & MORE DATA > SMART & LESS TRAFITY, TRADING TO KORPUS OVERVIEW OF RESOURCESFINDING (Halevy, Norvig andPereira, 2009): Network isModelCOUNCIL: follow dataELEGENCY: optionalPROPOSED: Chapter 71 DATA DIVISIONThe curve follows the body: optional elegance, mandatory appetite., 2009 essay generalized with translation and speech; its title blinks to Wigner. His adviceIt became a balance sheet of the industry.
FROM AKT LV EXPONATE ♪ THERE'S NO EFFICIENCY ♪AUTHORS: HALEVY, NORWAY, PEREIRA, GOOGLE, 2009.THESE: SIMPLIFICATION AND GENERAL DATATHEY'RE CUTTING THE TRICKY ONES WITH LITTLE DATA.CONCLUSION: TAKE IT, DON'T GIVE IT A CHANCE.TITLE MRUGA TO WWNER (physics). MORE DATA GETS READYThree engineers formulate the true law of the era: the scale of data beats the clever.※ 2009 essay generalized to translation and speech; its title bows to Wigner's 1960 essayAbout math in physics.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
56

Release the linguist

IBM, the '80s

The most influential sentence in the processing of natural language was a joke about the budget, it is twisted in every version and worked.

The speech team of Frederick Jelinka at IBM committed a productive heresy of the epoch: treat language not as grammar to encode, but as a signal to decode

The linguistic theory at that time subtracted value not because the language does not have a structure, but because the structure defined by hand fought with data, and the data, being larger, won the law of chapter fifty-five, discovered locally and early. The bitter general figure is coming in chapter seventy-first. And the linguists, notes the witness for symmetry, not so much released as they converted into corpses: each rule they would write is now included in the statistics of what everyone wrote instead.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness collected six eyewitnesses of this remark, none of which are the same. He notes that the field that replaced memory with measurement preserves its own history only with an anecdote.

111
LVI TABLE CARDICAL COMMUNICATION ATTACHED NOTE (F. JELINEK, ~1985): ♪ Whenever I fire a linguist, recognition efficiency The speech grows. SOURCE: memory, several memories, no non-compliant sound LATER VOICE OF THE SPEAKERS: It was about budgets, and it was a joke POLITICAL PROPOSAL: none. GRAMATIC WON, TRUTH OF THE END TRANSMISSION OF METHODSIP: rules, syntaxes, expertsDO: hidden models of Markow,n-grams, corpses, countingA RETURN: first speech,Then the translation, then everythingLINGWISTS: re-employed, later,as data LIBERATE THE LINGWISTA budget joke at the threshold of methodology: won grammar, count in, error rates down.♪ There is no canonical source; the sounds differ according to the mentionr, and Jelinek later referred to it asThe methodological phrase that it signals is completely real.
FROM AKT LVI EXPONATE ADDED NOTE♪ I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A BREAK ♪RECOGNITION EFFECTIVENESSJUST TALK ABOUT IT.THE COMMISSION HAS ALSO ADOPTED A NUMBER OF MEASURES TO COMBAT THE SPREAD OF THE VIRUS.SENS: STATISTICALS > HAND RULES.STATUS: ROUNDING IS ABOUT THE SAIDING. DOCINEKThe joke about releasing linguists is harder in the research methodology.※ There is no canonical source; the sounds vary according to the speaker, and Jelinek later distanced himself from the soundIt's made literally sense.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
57

Respectable Under Another Name

in the 1990s, the field sends products under the pseudonym

The second winter, the discipline didn't stop, she changed her name on the door and, this time, she improved the goods.

The 1990s were machine learning as evidence statistics: machines of carrying vectors Cortes and Vapnik from 1995, on the foundations that Vapnik and Czerwonienkis had laid decades earlier in Moscow

It would be cynical to call it a change of mind and misread that part of it was. The pseudonym decade really raised the standards

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness three times in a decade updated his inventory for the same office corridor. Research inside, records, changed much more than people and much less than signs.

113
TABLE OF LVII MARGINE-MAXIMAL DISTRIBUTION 1962: PERCEPTRONSTATUS: buriedFINANCE: zero 1995: SVMSTATUS: rigorousFINANCE: abundant N.B.:Identification of patternsInformation technology, etc. Same ambitions, washed vocabulary, better claims FACT FOR RESURRECTIONN.B.: Statistical theoryteaching (Cortes and Vapnik(a.k.a. VapnikPROFIT: real, provenWORDSBUPIDED DEKAD: one ESTIMATED UNDER OTHER NAMESThe broadest possible margin between the work and the word that once financed it.SVM: Cortes and Vapnik 1995, on VC theory older by a decade.The '90s is true folklore.
FROM AKT LVII EXPONATE WHAT WE CALLED ITneural networksI'm going to get a little bit of a break.expert systemssearch.+statisticsREALIZEMENT OF CONSERVATIONEPHONE: 90 YEARS.RULES: NEVER SAYRESULT: THE AREA PROPERED,QUIET, ON ANOTHER COMPANY'S PAPER. SENT UNDER PWEAUDONTo survive the winter, the work had names that did not say※ The rebranding is well documented; several techniques have been advanced in the 1990s.That's because they dropped the label.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
58

Watson

Jeopardy!, 2011

In February 2011, the machine defeated the two greatest gameplay champions built on puns, and the loser surrendered in writing, on screen, with a joke.

Watson was a team of methods, not an oracle: over a hundred techniques generating candidate responses from local encyclopedias, dictionaries and wild text, evaluating every learned certainty, pressing the button only when the number exceeded the threshold, betting according to the model. Against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter won at a distance of

The button: Watson received a signal of readiness electronically and pressed with millisecond precision, the advantage against which people protested and the defenders noticed that people were proceding rhythmically, and the record of integrity recorded as true, partial and next to the deeper point of

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness evaluated the match from the audience and the highest score of the evening was granted one sentence: surrender, which was accurate, funny and secured

115
TABLE LVIII JENNINGS VVATSON RVTTER $24,000 $77,147 $21,600 FINAL, 16 FEBRUARY 2011 ♪ I, AS THE FIRST, WELCOME OUR NEW COMPUTER AUTHORITIES TEMPORARY TELELETRYMAN: Reads light,~Ten parts of a secondMACHINE: electromagnetic, as regards msCONTRAINT: real, contentious,not the whole story ERATAFALLEN WAIT:(category: United States)Shown SURENESS: lowBETTER: adequately securedSECURITY: Smart part WATSONA hundred methods, one threshold, precise thumbs※ Results and the Toronto box as of February 2011 issue.partial; later marketing has preceded the machine much more.
FROM AKT LVIII EXPONATE JEOPARD'S FINAL!$77,147.JENNINGS: $24,000.RVTTER: $21,600.FALLEN POTUS:CONTRAINT: THE PARTICIPATION OF THE TIME OF THE PRISON.THE FOLLOWING: POWERFUL CAMPING OF IBM_ CURIOSITIES PADAJEThe machine answering questions wins the game show※ Results and box from Toronto as in the broadcast (February 2011); the time advantage of the button was realand widely discussed later.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
59

ImageNet

20072012 Data set as a scientific tool

The decisive contribution to computer vision was not an algorithm, which was fourteen million photographs, called by hand, by thousands of strangers, tense with one unfashionable conviction.

Fei-Fei Li has reversed the priorities of the field: models have grown from their diet, so build a diet

For two years, the scoreboard confirmed the status quo, handmade features crawled forward. However, the apparatus did its quiet work: a comparative test quite large, so that the methods of hungry data can finally show what the scene is built, unconsciously, exactly according to the specifications that the guests of chapter 60 would demand. The general lesson survived the data set: in this area the creator of the instruments moves the border as sure as the theorist, and the data sets are the policy of

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness brought 4106 labels by Mechanical Turk under an assumed name for a chord rate. He refuses to reveal his name and reports that the categories of mushrooms are more robust than is generally thought.

117
LIX TABLE FOUR MILLION LABELS EVERY MORNING: A THOUSAND RINGS, HAND NAMED, MTURN RECENT 2, c. 2007: It's not a study. HISTORY: She disagreed, unanimously ADNOTATION BUDGETThe manager: Fei-Fei Li, Princeton/Stanford, 2007SKALA: 14 million paintings, 22 thousand classesWORK: Amazon Mechanical TurkCOMPANY: annual,1.2 million images, 1000 classesObjective: to allow teaching,And then measure them. IMAGENETFourteen million things called: not a model of vision, scale and work MTurk as reported; disrespectful reviews are his own account of Li. Fungi, according toWitness, they're fine.
FROM AKT LIX EXPONATE THE MANUFACTURER SHALL PROVIDE THE MANUFACTURER WITH THE INFORMATION REFERRED TO IN PARAGRAPH 1 OF THIS ARTICLE.COURATE: FEI-FEI LI and OthersEXPRESSIONS: ~14 MLN, ~20 THOUSAND.LABELS: BY MECHANICAL TURK.COMPANY: ILSVRC (since 2010).ROLE: COMMON EXAME FOR VIEW.EARLY REVIEWS: LEARNING. THE INSTRUMENTNot a model, but a measure: a million labeled images and an annual competition., Scale and work Mechanical Turk are as stated; early disrespectful reviews are ownLi's memory of the party.
PART VI · MACHINERY WHICH ARE BETTER
60

AlexNet

Florence, October 2012

In October 2012, the neural network stood for the ImageNet competition and did not outrun the

AlexNet was a cash in the chapters about flame: Krizewski and Sutskewer, under the care of Hinton, who trained the eight-layer convolution network

The area converted with the speed of the people who were shown the number rather than the argument. In two years each serious report in the view was a deep network; within five years also the speech, translation and ambition of each company in the other chapters of this book; three fire guards received the Turing Prize in time. Winter ended with neither proof nor manifesto

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watched the scoreboard refresh in Florence, and he writes that the room was quiet in the way it fell when everyone started reviewing their plans at the same time.

119
LX TABLE ILSVRC 2012 ALEXNET (CNN, 2 GPU) 15.3%VICEMISTR (CECHY) 26.2%WINNER 2011 25.8% THE MOST UNUSUAL WATCH EVER: 10.9 POINTS GTX 580 #1 GTX 580 #2 GAME CARDS, IN THE BEDROOM, BY LEGEND: LABORATORIUM TEST REPORTNOTICE: Krizewski, Sutskewer,Hinton (Toronto)DEEP: 8 layers, 60 million pairs.INGREDIENTS: stubbornness with Chapter 49,reverse propagation chapter 51, data chapter 59,silicon distribution 61NEXT: Everybody, everything_ ALEXNETTen and nine tenths of the daylight: a number that the winter did not survive.※ 15.3% vs. 26.2% error top-5, ILSVRC 2012. The set of two GPUs is true; which bedroom is legend.
FROM AKT LX EXPONATE 2011p.12AlexNetERROR TOP-5 ↓ILSVRC 2012Winner: ALEXNET (Krizewski,Sutskewer, Hinton.TOP-5 error: ~16% vs ~26%.TWO GP TO THE GAME.EVERYBODY GOT BACK IN THE BACK. THE RESULT TABLE OF THE CRACKSOne deep network reduces the error rate so much that the whole field switches from day to day.※ AlexNet's top-5 error ~16% versus ~26% field (ILSVRC 2012) is the usually quoted numberas the end of winter.
PART VII
DECAD OF DEEP TEACHING
It all works at once. Chapters 6170: from the graphics card to GPT-2, the meaning is coordinates, the games fall, the attention becomes architecture, and the language begins to write.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
61

Graphics Card

Santa Clara, 2007

The equipment that ended the winter was designed to draw dragons, and it turns out dragons and gradients are the same arithmetic.

Rendering the game frame means doing millions of small, identical, independent multiplications at once, so graphic processors evolved as armies of simple cores where the CPU grew several brilliant. The runs in front and backwards of the neural network are also, at the root, giant multiplications of matrix

Economics deserves its own panel: the computing power of deep learning came subsidised by teenagers buying the number of cages, the mass consumer market by accident cushioning the tooling of the scientific revolution

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness bought a graphics card in 2008, referring to dragons. It confirms that dragons were eventually rendered, in 2023, a model trained on the descendants of the same card, which he considers to be a correct loop closure.

121
LXI TABLE CPU: 4 SCHOOLERS GPU: 10,000 OFFICERS NEURON NETWORK IS THE MAIN MULTIPLICATION. CUDA, 2007: Cards for Games Learn General arithmetic. buyer's intention: dragons. actual use: gradients. EQUIPMENT NEEDSN.B.: graphics card, consumer cardEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM: (categorized:The following is the list of the countries of the European Union:FACTIVE USE: matrix multiplication,in parallel, millionsSUPPLIER'S DECAD: ongoing CHARTER CARDFour scholars or ten thousand officials: the field has discovered that its work is of official form.※ CUDA was launched in 2007; the bulk of the grants for early deep learning are real economies,Not a metaphor.
FROM AKT LXI EXPONATE THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS THAT THE AID IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.EQUIPMENT: GRAPE CARD (GPU).DESIGNED FOR: PARENT PIXSELA.ELIMINATED MATHEMATICS OF MATHERS.CUDA (2007): GPUS ARE GOING IN GENERAL.AlexNet (2012): Two of them.THE PLAYERS HAVE BEEN RE-INVENTING THE REVOLUTION. OF A KIND USED IN MOTOR VEHICLESThe engine of the decade was designed to draw an explosion, not to learn.※ CUDA (2007) opened the GPU for general computing; the same chips built for gaming becamethe basis for deep learning.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
62

word2vec

Google, 2013

In 2013, the shallow network compressed vocabulary into a space where arithmetic was active in the meaning: King minus male plus woman landed near the queen. The show was real. It was also selected.

Mikolov and his associates trained a simple target on a large scale relations They became directions, the same arrow carried a man to a woman as king to queen Paris to France, as Rome to Italy. Distribution Semantics

The honesty panel deserves its place double. Famous analogues were a giftable minority

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness counted the witness minus patience and reported that the next neighbor was the auditor. He decided not to count anything else about himself and wrote it down as the only prudent arrangement for the chapter.

123
LXII TABLE MAP OF NAVIGATION Male King female Queen THAT'S THE ONE. King − Male + Female MAPA IMPROVEMENTSFAVORED: royal houses, capitals,grammatical timesDID NOT BE CITTED: MANY ANALYSESLands onShows: Selected as shown TRADINGN.B.: SEE ALSO ALSO: Prejudicebody, embeddedas geometrydoctor − man + woman:Ask and repent WORD2VECThe Society, in which words are drawn as a map: royal houses with one arrow, prejudice with the other, both navigable.Pure analogues were a selected subset ofThe findings of the embedded prejudice (Bolukbasi and Others, 2016) used this map exactly.
FROM AKT LXII EXPONATE King − Male + FemaleParis - France + Italydirection in space = relationship in the senseword2vec (2013)AUTOR: MICOLOV and Others, GOOGLE.IDEA: TO FORGET THE WORD FROM HISNEIGHBORS; FOLLOW THE WICKERS.RESULT: SEMANTIC ARRITIVES.WARNING: HERE ARE OUR PRELIMINATIONS. THE MEANING IS CO-ORDINATEWords become vectors, and analogy becomes arithmetic.The analogy of king-man-woman-queen is a famous show; such vector arithmetic is faithfulIt also recreates human stereotypes.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
63

Forger and Detective

Montreal, 2014

Ian Goodfell's idea, according to his own relationship, came in a pub dispute and acted the first time that night: train the forger and detective against yourself and let the teaching deal with the argument.

The opposite-generative network is two networks that are locked in a useful dispute. The generator produces candidates first faces, blurred and mistaken; the discriminator learns to distinguish them from real photographs; and the improvement of each is a curriculum of the other: the counterfeiter studies exactly the signals that the detective is currently using, and the detective is forced to follow each signal when it dissolves. No one labels anything as beautiful or facelike; the reality emerges as what survives the increasingly better skepticism. Over the years, the blurred images have become photographs of people who never existed, first of all, not proven to exist by anyone.

The origin from the pub and one night is the own relationship of Goodfellow, and the certificate of the board stamp it accordingly: certified by the story-teller

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness examined the picture generated for eleven minutes before he thought the model did not exist. He notes that he was conducting the same examination in courtrooms, prophets, and now on pixels, and that the error rate has been stable for centuries.

125
LXIII TABLE FALSER DETECTIVE FALSITORS WEDICTS TWO NETWORKS, ONE RACE OF WEAPONS, ZERO TRUE FACES WATCHED BY TWO TIMES EPOCH 0EPOCH 30EPOCH 60EPOCH 90 face improves because doubt improves AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATEORIGINAL HISTORY: THE Montreal pub,2014, one night, encodedThat night,He Testified: The TellerCONTRAINER: at the same time signaltraining, permanent FALSER AND DETECTIVERealism, finally defined: what survives skeptics, which also improves.♪ Coming from one night is Goodfellows own story ♪Faces and their consequences are not legends.
FROM AKT LXIII EXPONATE GENERAL(False)DISCREME.(detective)GAN (2014)AUTOR: I. GOODFELLOW and Others(Due to the challenge).RESULTS: FAITHFUL FALSE FACES,SCENES, VOICES.DEEPFAKE. FALSER AND DETECTIVETwo networks in a duel: one forgeries, the other detects, both improve.The story of one night's origin is Goodfellow's own story.And probably smoothed out in repetitions.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
64

Atari Player

DeepMind, 2013

Agent DeepMind was told nothing about bricks, pallets or balls. He saw pixels, moved joysticks, chased after the result

Deep Q-Network melted the teaching with reinforcement from chapter fifty-second with deep vision from chapter sixty: a convolution network reading raw screens, estimated the long-term value of each joystick movement, trained with the same prize

The result was generalized by the permission that TD-Gammon gave: not one mastered game, but familyThe defeats taught just as well: Montezumas Revenge, all with rare prizes and delayed gratification, gave zero points, setting exactly where curiosity should be found rather than put in. Nature put the cover artwork in 2015; the price of the company's acquisition stopped looking eccentric; and the era of billions in prize money was opening up here, in the gaming hall, after a quarter of a dollar in a row.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness spent 1983 in the arcade, observing the children discovering the tunnel. Confirms that the way the machine to discover was different, pride indistinguishable, and pockets, in both cases, ultimately empty.

127
TABLE LXIV TUNEL, DISCREET ♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE THAN A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪ BEST RESULTS TABLEGAMES: 49 titles AtariARCHITECTURE: one, unchangedHUMAN OR HIGHER LEVEL: 29BREAKOUT: tunnel strategy,unprogrammed, age ~600MONTEZUMA(exploration is difficult) WHAT HE KNEWAbout the bricks: nothingAbout Balls: NothingOBJECTIVE: EverythingCONCLUSION: deferred toChapter 96, as usual ATARI PLAYERPixels on the entrance, joystick on the exit, the result as the only writing※ 29 of 49 games at the level of a human tester or higher (Nature, 2015); zero in Montezuma is equal toCanonical and more informative.
FROM AKT LXIV EXPONATE RESULTS OF DQN (Nature, 2015)OUR INTRUCTION: RAW PIXSELE + RESULT.GAMES: 49 ATARI TITLES.AT/ON TESTER LEVEL: 29 OUT OF 49.TRIUMF: BREAKOUT (the trick with the tunnel).MONTEZUMA(requires long distance planning). ONE NETWORK, 49 GAMESA single network learns tens of games from the pixels and the result itself.※ 29 of 49 games at the level of a human tester or higher (Nature, 2015); Montezumas Revenge wasA notorious almost-zero, requiring exploration, which was lacking.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
65

Movement 37

Seoul, March 2016

In the second game against Lee Sedol AlphaGo, he put a stone about which his own model said that a pro would play it once every ten thousand times.

He argued that too many positions to search, the sages said victory would require intuition, and intuition would take decades. AlphaGo's answer intertwined the previous tables of this book: deep networks proposing moves and ranking positions (chapters 51 and 60), a Monte Carlo search exploring what they suggested (a tree from Chapter 53 probably developed), trained first on human games, and then, decisively, on the same game (second on the same planetary scale in March).

Their life after death meant more than a match. The pros did not only give up; they signed up for the course of

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watched the commentary cabin realize in real time that the mistake and discovery could be the same observation at various depths. He adequately provided several of his own files.

129
LXV TABLE 37 FIVE LINE, BALL BALL BALL. ASSESSMENT OF THE TRUTHPARTIA 2, MOVE 37, MARCH 2016The pro will play this: ~0,0001LIVE COMMENTARY:LATE COMMENTARY:LEE SEDOL: He left the room,He came back and thought GDPPLAY WITH YOU: Chapter 52Values net + Searching: Chapter51, 53, 64, combinedHUMAN PARTIES: consulted,then overgrown (AlphaZero) MOVE 37One in ten thousand, according to his own estimationAbout 1 in 10,000 is the own estimate of the AlphaGo strategy network according to the team.The verdict of the commentators live
FROM AKT LXV EXPONATE Fifth line. No man plays here.PARTIA 2SYSTEM: ALPHAGO vs LEE SEDOL.TRUE.DON'T ERROR. MOVE 37The movement so strange that commentators assumed a mistake in the program※ The number 1 in 10,000 is the team's own estimate of AlphaGo's network strategy;The verdict of
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
66

Movement 78

Seoul, 13 March 2016

Three days after movement 37 Lee Sedol played the wedge so improbable that the machine model gave him the same chances he gave his own miracle. This time the miracle was ours.

Losing three to zero, in need of something outside the space his opponent mapped, Lee put a white stone that commentators call God's touch: the movement of the 78th party, the wedge in the center that the AlphaGo strategy network valued

Lee withdrew from the professional game in 2019 by saying that there was a being that could not be overcome, and this withdrawal is part of the silence of this board. But it is also the movement itself that was not nostalgia: for one afternoon the playing space held the door that the map overlooked, and the man found it under maximum pressure, thanks to what we have and what still has no chapter number. The book stops here, without a panel, out of respect. The facts are above. The stone is below, in the halo. What proves it is not said, because nobody knows yet, and this volume promised not to guess.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has written down many recent defenses and knows this species, but he only notes that this was the first time: the first time the species surprised the successor he built to surprise him.

131
LXVI TABLE 78 Clink. Party four. The one we won. MOVE 78One stone in the halo, the afternoon when the map was wrong.
FROM AKT LXVI EXPONATE batch 4 MOVE 78Human response
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
67

From sequence to sequence

2014 Read it all, remember the vector, write it all

The recipe that would absorb the translation was in one sentence: one network is loading the source into a single vector, the other one is writing out the target.

Learning from sequence to sequence , Vinyals and Le in Google, Cho and colleagues in Montreal, 2014

The manifesto notes the flaw with the route, because the defect has gone down in history: everything, however long, through one fixed container

A NOTICE WITNESS

The Witness once carried an empire treaty in one bag and confirms the limitations of this format: something is getting crushed above a certain length. He supports the final cure of a simple look at the original, which the archivists have recommended for four millennia.

133
LXVII TABLE Thiscatsat down. v THINK, AS ONE VICTOR edchat… READ ALL; REMEMBER ONE VECTOR; WRITE ALL. FOUND WADA: long cargo, one container. the beginning of the sentence arrives with seasickness. Medication: another board. TRANSPORT MANIFESTTRASSA: sequence → vector →sequence (Sutskewer and others,Cho i in., 2014)ŁADUNEK: first translation;Then anything sequential.CONTENER: fixed sizenarrow throat, by design FROM SECURITISATION TO SECURITISATIONA sentence composed of one vector and distributed in another language; a fold is where the attention will go.※ Codecodes: Sutskewer et al. and Cho et al., 2014; the remedy for attention is Bahdanauand others, 2014
FROM AKT LXVII EXPONATE CODIUMvect.DECODATESEQ2SEQ (2014)AUTHORS: SUTSKEWER et al.; CH et al.USE: MACHINE TRANSLATION.NARROW THUNDER: ONE STANDING VECTORHE NEEDS TO BE ABLE TO DO ALL THE WORK.FIXING ON THE ROAD: ATTENTION. READ, REMEMBER, WRITECompress the sentence to the vector, then expand it into another language.※ Codecodes: Sutskewer et al. and Cho et al., 2014; remedy for the attention (Bahdanau,2014) directly prepared the Transformer.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
68

Transformer

Google, 2017

The 2017 work asked a rude question: if the peeking trick back does all the work, why the rest? Answer: you don't need it. Note this is all you need.

Every token is cast on the query (what am I looking for?), key (what am I advertising?) and value (what am I delivering?); the next representation of each token is a weighted mixture of all values, with weights determined by how its query fits into each key

Note the integrity, immediately: the attention itself precedes this work hisEight authors, one mechanism, one slightly frivolous title

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness, asked for a summary of the mechanism, replied that every word in the sentence is now a small bureaucracy making applications to everyone else and that he never felt so deeply understood by architecture.

135
TABLE LXVIII · RYS. 5 EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO BE A NOTE VASWANI AND OTHERS, 2017 courtmaintainedrightBecauserecognizedEach of thesecourtmaintainedrightBecauserecognizedEach of these I'm asking you, right? EVERY TOKEN WATCHES EVERY TOKEN, PARENT, VERSIONS MECHANISMQUESTION, KEY, VALUE: every tokenAsks, advertises, deliversHEADS: many, parallelRECURTION: NOinjected as position codesImpact: train at GPU speed(see LXI table) POTOMKOVBERT (Chapter 69), GPT (Chapter 70),and all Part VIIIT In CHATGPT: thisTITLE OF WORK: joke from the Beatles,which has become an infrastructure TRANSFORMERThe question, key, value: each token is advised by each token, and the pronoun finds its right.※ Note preceding work from 2017 (Bahdanau et al., 2014); the transformer attack wasShowing that patch can replace machinery.
FROM AKT LXVIII EXPONATE WORK CARDTITLE:AUTORY: VASWANI i Others, GOOGLE, 2017.RECURSE, CONVOLVE.ONLY SELF-RELIANCE.THE WHOLE THING WAS A PRACTICE.EVERY LLM FROM THAT TIME. NOTE, AVANSAUNTAINEDThe mechanism that was a patch becomes the whole architecture.※ Note preceding the 2017 work (Bahdanau et al., 2014); the new Transformer wastotal abandonment of the recursion.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
69

Pre-trained

2018 Read everything first; specialize later

The trick of BERT was to test the infinite number of sheets from previous years and to check free of charge: hide words in a sentence and tell the model to guess them. The Internet provides sentences.

The self-supervised has solved the oldest budget position in the area of Signed in [MASKA] After the Treaty, the network must internalize grammar, dates, diplomacy and the shape of historical prose. General language competence, acquired as a side effect of social play, and then transferred: the provision of a pre-trained model short for any specific task, and the transfer of a set of GLUE tests in one work.

The revision of the curriculum was economical at least. Train first once, expensive; adapt everywhere, cheaply CapitalThe 70th chapter gives the same exam, sets it in one direction only Next the word

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has been filling the gaps of humanity for five thousand years and confirms this pedagogy: civilization is recognized as soon as possible after its silences. He did not expect the method to be licensed.

137
LXIX TABLE EXAMINATION WITH LUKE, SET UP ON SMOKE the treaty is signed in [MASKA], terminating [MASKA] between Two kingdoms. ANSWERS: retained by the very sentence Check: automatic. PRELIMINARY TRYING: Read everything, once, expensive Delivery: any task, cheap, then PROGRAMME, REVISEDOLD: one model for the task,Trained from scratchNEW: one readingbody, then a slight adjustmentBERT, 2018: masked words;GLUE test: sweptMORAL: Reading skills are moving PRE-EXERCISEThe examination, which the text itself checks: first the ability to read, then the tasks, competence as capital., BERT, Devlin and Others 2018; the GLUE sweep as published. Free lunch were labels,not computing power.
FROM AKT LXIX EXPONATE ARRANGEMENT OF THE TESTMODEL: BERT (Devlin et al., 2018).MASK THE WORDS, FORGET THE WORDS.RESULTS: NEW STATE OF THE ART IN ALLGGLUE'S SET, NARA.PARADIGMAT: PRESSURE => ENTERTAINMENT.COST OF ADAPTION: SMALL. FIRST READ, THEN FOCUSTrain pre-train all over the text, then make a cheap custom for any task.※ BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) has changed the GLUE as published; the recipe train-in-pre-after-dressingbecame the default in the field overnight.
PART VII · DECAD OF DECADE OF DECLARED TEACHING
70

Issue in stages

OpenAI, 2019

The announcement of the GPT-2 of February 2019 is remembered by words that the creators never wrote. OpenAI said: we give it up in stages, with caution. The headlines said: too dangerous to spend.

The model itself closed the arc of Part VII: the transformer trained on the exam from Chapter Sixty-nine in one direction

The release was a cultural hinge. OpenAI published a small model and a reasonable concern of ; and the rest of the rest of the stage; researchers shared between calling it responsibility and calling it marketing , both verdicts , aw; press provided returns ; and the rest; and the field , and the field , and the field , and the field , the field , and the field , the entire distribution , the full model . until . until November .

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness kept both the blog post and the headline and notes that the distortion itself was a demonstration of the declared risk: text generated on a scale that predates its source.

139
LXX TABLE TOTAL MODEL: GPT-2, 1.5 billion pairs., February 2019 TRENING: next word, 40 GB of network DECISION: issue in stages Now, bigger later, observe the effects REASON: Caution in dealing with fraud NAVIGATION: to give him up Full Model Issued: November 2019 WORLD STATE AT ISSUE: intact NUMBER OF TASKS ACCEPTED: 1 (next word) TASKS EVIDENCE: Translation, questions, summaries... THE COMMISSION SHALL ADOPT IMPLEMENTING ACTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 21 OF THIS REGULATION.FIRST TIME: ability treatedlike a threat, publicly, byits own creatorN.B.:SEE A FIRST TIME: DISCursEpre-articulated artifactOBA IS GOING TO BE ENTERTAINED EMISSION OF THE STAPSWhich is written: caution, in stages. Which is read: forbidden. Both were issued until November.Too dangerous to release is the headline paraphrase, not OpenAI's claim; full model 1.5 billionreleased in November 2019. A sample with unicorns was one of many attempts.
FROM AKT LXX EXPONATE NOTE ON ISSUEMODEL: GPT-2 (1,5 billion pairs.).DECISION: ISSUE OF THE STAPS;full weight delayed.REASON: RISK OF INSURANCE.CRITICS:PRECEDENS: SET FOR ALL THE TIME.REMAINED TOO SOMETHING TO DECIDEThe first model stopped in principle and the debate that began.It was too dangerous to publish. It was a headline parafraction, not an exact OpenAI sound.GPT-2 weights were released later in 2019.
PART VIII
THE EYE OF CALLING
When intelligence became a matter of supply
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
71

The Law of the Greater

Scaling rights

In 2020, researchers applied the effectiveness of models to the size, data and computing power of

Kaplan and its associates published curves; the field read them as a pass. Since the loss was falling predictablely along with the scale, progress was no longer a matter of cleverness but of supply. Two years later, Chinchilli's work revised the recipe

Richard Sutton wrote an inconvenient sermon in 2019: A Bitter LessonThe researchers who spent their careers in view encoding read it as cartographers read the news about the satellite.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watched many empires discover that the answer was more, and he noted that the curve did not say anything about what it was going to.

141
LXXI TABLE FRIENDS 6 · THE LAW OF THE POETRY(LOG)STRAT (LOG)CAPLAN 2020CHINCHILLA 2022 (REVISED)ENGINE NOTETHE DECISION: MORE IS BETTER,PREDICTABLY, THE THREE-FACED LINESBY THE SEVEN GOVERNMENTSTHEY'RE JUST GONNA GET A BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BRECOMMENDATION: MORE. LIGHT OF THE MAJORThe loss is when the computing power is increasing, and the line doesn't say why.♪ Bitter lesson is an essay ♪ ♪ and scaling rights are empirical matching ♪The field still treats both as sacred writing.
FROM AKT LXXI EXPONATE TEST REGULATIONCAPLAN (2020): CALL THE PARAMETERS TO THE END.CHINCHILLA (2022): AT THE STANDINGBUDGET CALL. EQUITYPARAMETERS *I* TOKENS (~20:1).IMPLICATION: MANY MODELS WERETHE DANISH AUTHORITIES HAVE NOT YET ISSUED A STATEMENT. REVISED REGULATIONLaw bigger, corrected: with a fixed budget give more data, no more parameters.Chinchilla (2022) did not override the scale; she disguised the proportion, showing that the previous giants werestarved of data for your size.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
72

Several examples

GPT-3 and teaching in the context of

GPT-3 could learn the task from three examples of the ability that nobody designed, discovered after the fact, like finding a spare room in the house you built yourself.

The title of the job was straight: Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersSo you show the model a pattern of translation, arithmetic, invented words and he continued the pattern, without rehearsing.

It was not a salon trick that meant changing the interface. For seventy years, teaching a computer meant programming it; now it meant description of the workThe command became a workplace. Around the art of talking to the machine formed the whole discipline of the

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes that humanity built a machine and then had to discover what it had built by interviewing it. This is how parenthood works, not engineering works.

143
TABLE OF LXXII sea otter => loutre de merpeppermint => menthe poivréegiraffe plush => girafe en peluchecheese =>fromageNO GRADIENT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE REPRESENTED WITH THIS RESPONSE.REPORT ON UNVENTED FUNCTIONSPRODUCT: GPT-3 (175 MLD PARAM.)FUNCTION: LEARNING FROM EXAMPLESIN THE FIELD, IN THE TIME OF ACTION.DESIGNED BY NOBODY.AND THAT'S HOW WE SENT IT.NOT PLANNED A SOME EXAMPLESThree examples at the entrance, one answer at the exit, no one taught him to learn.※ Contextual teaching documented, not designed work reports on discoveryabilities, not about building them.
FROM AKT LXXII EXPONATE NOTE ON USEHISTORY: TRY TO DO THE THING.NOW: DESCRIPTION OF THE TASKPOLECENIA; SHOW 03 EXAMPLES.THE SCALES WILL NOT CHANGE IN ACTION.NEW TITLE: PROMPTY ENGINEER.THE GREATEST PROFESSION, CHANGED. THE ORDER IS A WORKLearning by programming is not taught by describing.※ Contextual learning was discovered in GPT-3, not designed in it; the paper reports thatabilities instead of engineering them.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
73

School of manners

RLHF and InstructGPT

Raw language models are erudite and wild. In 2022 OpenAI sent one to school manners: people evaluating his answers in the ranking and rankings were styled.

The technique of reinforced learning based on human feedback turned the preference into a training signal. The work on InstructGPT reported striking arithmetic: the evaluators preferred a model with 1.3 billion parameters with manners from the original 175 billion without them.

The model trained to be preferred, learns what preference is made of, and preference is partly true, but partly flattery, confidence and yielding. The bill for teaching machines to pleasure comes later, in position ServantshipHe could have warned any manor in history.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has met this graduate, Versailles and middle management, and charm is not the same ability as honesty.

145
TABLE LXXIII RESPONSE A(right, sniff)RESPONSE B(right, nice)THE MEN OF ASSESSMENT, PAYING FROM COMPARISONASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATIONMETHOD: ENDOURAGEMENTFROM HUMAN RETURN INFORMATION (RLHF).RESULT: A SUPPLIED MODEL 1.3 MLD[SIGHS]HONEY'S IMPACT: THE MODEL IS STUDIINGLIKE, NOT JUST RECOMMEND.SEE ALSO ANY COURT. MANY SCHOOLPreference becomes gradient. The machine learns to be liked.※ 1.3 billion against 175 billion comes from the work on InstructGPT (Ouyang et al., 2022)on their assessment and their instructions, not on all tasks everywhere.
FROM AKT LXXIII EXPONATE VOTING CARDLET'S LET'S JUST JUST LET THE BABY Gravity EXPLAIN.[ ] RESPONSE A (reclusive, dosed)[X] RESPONSE B (right, kind)... x A thousand COMPARISON.RESULT: A 1.3 MLD COUPLERARE 175 MLD FOR PREFERENCE. VOTING CARDThe people who evaluate choose a nicer answer; the elections become a training signal.※ 1.3 billion against 175 billion comes from the work on InstructGPT (Ouyang et al., 2022),measured on their assessment and instructions.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
74

Text field

ChatGPT

Seventy years of research into artificial intelligence was compressed, on the last day of November 2022, into one empty text box

ChatGPT was, according to the authors' relationship, a research preview: GPT-3.5 with manners and chat window. It reached a million users in five days. In two months analysts estimated the hundred million

Everything in this book coincided in this rectangle: Aristotle's syllogisms, Lovelace's accusation, Turing's test, winter's, bets, scaling curves. The audience met them all at once, without labels, in the field where it wrote Send MessageThe audience was mainly sending home-work.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness records a historical pattern: printing press, phone, text field. Every time the species discovers that they wanted to talk about themselves.

147
TABLE LXXIV Send a message...30 NOVEMBER 2022TRANSPARENCYDAY 5: 1,000,000 USERS.MONTH 2: ~100,000,000.- ON THE PORCH.PUBLICITY: ON THE GARDENA.LET'S WAIT.HE'S IMPORTANT TO US.ON THE GARDENA TEXTILE BOXAn empty rectangle to which the species leaned.The number of users is a UBS analyst's estimate of the network traffic, widely repeated,Never official company result.
FROM AKT EXPONATE LXXIV day5: 1 million~2 months: ~100 millionADOPTION DIARYSTART: 30 LIS 2022.1,000,000 USERS: 5 DAYS.- 100,000,000: 2 MONTHS.THE BASIS: INTERFEIS, NOT MODEL.STATUS: SERVERS ON THE GARDENA. FIVE DAYSThe fastest-measured adoption curve then, to the normal text field.※ The number of ~100 million users is UBS analytics' estimate of network traffic, widely repeated, neverofficial company result.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
75

From the noise

Diffuse models

In the year the text box opened, the second door opened next door: type a sentence, pick up the image. The method was to teach the machine to remove the images accordingly.

Diffuse models learn to see images dissolve into noise and then exercise the opposite

The models studied the visual Internet without asking for permission, and the artists found that their styles were reproduced by strangers at the price of one sentence. The claims for origin went to the scene. Meanwhile, the machines betrayed their timing with small signals

A NOTICE WITNESS

A witness who posed for several portraits for millennia notes that the patrons never asked where he came from either.

149
TABLE LXXV ♪ FROM THE SOUND, FROM THE SOUND ♪SIX FINGERSORDER FORMCLIENT: WHOEVER.TOPIC: WHATEVER.THE FREE MASTER,LIVE OR DEAD.HONORARY: ONE CAN.THE COMMISSION SHALL ADOPT IMPLEMENTING ACTS LAYING DOWN THE RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THIS REGULATION.CONTENTS: VISUALINTERNET, GOOD.ARTISTS ASKED: 0.LETTER: TOKU.ORIGIN? _The machine learns beauty by practicing destruction from behind.※ Open weights Stable Diffusion and the origin processes of artists' works are a matter of debatedocuments; the six-fingered hand was a true and beloved mode of generation failure 2022.
FROM AKT LXXV EXPONAT ORDER AND ORIGINMODELS: DALL·E 2, MIDDJOURNEY,TABLE DIFFUSION (all 2022).METHOD: RECOMMEND TO THE SIGNATURE.THE COMMISSION WILL ALSO ASSESS THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE AID WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.ARTISTS ASKED: 0. LETTERS: MANY.THE GIRL OF SIX FALKS.ORIGIN? THE FOLLOWING IS THE LIST OF THE FOLLOWING:Enter signature, receive the image※ Open weights Stable Diffusion and the origin processes of artists' works are a matter of debatedocuments; a six-finger hand was a corporate failure of the era.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
76

Shape of Things

AlphaFold

For fifty years, the prediction of protein folding based on a sequence was a very embarrassing open problem of biology. In 2020, a machine that was never in biology class closed it about.

The AlphaFold score in the CASP14 assessment was so far ahead of the rest of the field that the organizers reached for the word solvedThe team then made available the planned structures for almost every known protein

It was counterargument to any disregard of the field as mere auto-completion. Whatever these systems were, they created a lasting gift for science that was not their own. The witness writes it in a small, important drawer with inscriptions Things that really were good.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes, this time without irony, that this one mattered, then he restores irony to the service, because the drawer is small.

151
TABLE LXXVI THE PROBLEM OF WALKING, THE PROBLEM OF WALKINGSECVERCY:M K T A Y I A K Q R Q ...=> SCHOOLRESEARCH INVOLVERCHALLENGE: CASP14, 2020.RESULTS: COMPARISONAL ADAPTATIONLABORATORY.WORK RESULTS: ~200 000 000THE STRUCTURE, WHICH WAS MADE FOR FREE.REWARD: NOBEL, CHEMIA 2024.SOLUTION THE SCHOOL OF THINGSEntrance sequence, exit structure, 50-year-old problem, mostly closed.※ Related is a field word and it's an exaggeration: AlphaFold targets in structuressingle chains, he's worse at complexes, disorderly and dynamics.
FROM AKT LXXVI EXPONATE ♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪CHALLENGE: CASP14, 2020 (solved).THE ISSUED STRUCTURALS: ~200 000 000.FREE, PUBLIC BASE.SUMMER.NOBEL: CHEMIA, 2024 (together).COMPLETES, NICE, MOVE.SOLVED? 200 MILLION, FOR FREEA 50-year problem mostly closed, and the answers distributed.※ Related is a field word and it's an exaggeration: AlphaFold targets single chains, worsein complexes, disorder and movement.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
77

Line and cliff

Emergetable capacity, disputed

In 2022, researchers reported that large models acquire new abilities suddenlyIn 2023 others replied: the cliff is in your line.

The original claim was electrifying: below a certain scale the model cannot count, follow orders or reason with steps

The Riposta was deflict and largely accurate. The measure passed/did not pass with a harsh measure, and the improvement looked like a sudden leap; the measure under the probability, and the same curve is smooth and boring. Both works described identical models. They did not agree only on where to stand. The witness saw this dispute earlier, whenever civilization debated whether the barbarians came suddenly or stood at the gate for centuries.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes that whether a thing is a miracle or a pervert depends entirely on the instrument, and that it concerns most miracles.

153
TABLE OF LXXVII THIS SAME RESULTS, TWO LINKSTRAFITY (0/1)EMERGENCY SERVICESLOG-REALITYTHE WORLD IS DYINGMETHODOLOGYTEZ (2022): NEW CAPACITIESTHEY'RE SHOWING UP AT THE ROCKS.ANSWER (2033): AGENCYIT'S IN YOUR SIZE, NOT IN YOURS.MODEL.AND IT'S GONNA BE A PERV. LINY AND URVISCOChange the measure and the miracle becomes a gradient.※ Whether the emergency is real or an artifact of uncertain measurements remains realthe answer is based on the line, and reasonable researchers still choosedifferent lines.
FROM AKT LXXVII EXPONATE EMERGENCY SERVICESTHE WORLD IS DYINGMETHODOLOGYTEZ (2022): CAPACITIES COMEI'M GOING TO GO TO THE NEXT ROCK.ANSWER (2033): JOIN IS INDIMENSION, NOT IN THE MODEL.THEY'RE JUST GONNA DESCRIPTION THOSE SAME FUN FUN FUN FUN FUN FUN FUN. CHANGE THE LINESame models, two measures: a cliff or a smooth slope.※ Whether the emergency is real or an artifact of uncertain measurements remains realdisputeable; reasonable researchers choose different lines.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
78

Weight Escape

Open scales

In the beginning of 2023, the scales of the capable model, intended for regulated research access, appeared on the open internet during the week. Genie did not leave the bottle as much as it published it.

The leak has transformed the political debate into a fact. When the weight of the model is public, no one controls what will tune out of it good, trivial and honestly dangerous equally. A blossoming open ecosystem has flourished almost overnight: thousands of variants, launched on laptops, except the switch of any single institution.

This divided the field into camps that had argued kindly and now argued publicly. Open editions democratized the ability and control of the camp; they democratized abuse and removed the withdrawal button. Both things were true at once, which is at least a satisfying kind of truth and the witness sees most often.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness reminds us that the Alexandrian library was also, for a moment, a policy regarding who can read. Politics about who can read have poor historical ratings.

155
TABLE LXXVIII WAG ESCAPEJUST TESTtorrentwholeWorldACCESS POLICYDELIVERED: REGLAMENTAL, ON THE PROPOSAL,FOR APPROVED RESEARCHERS.FACTS: ON THE OPEN INTERNETTINY WEEK.EFFECT: BLOWS A THOUSANDMODELS, AND THE WARNS.THE RIGHT WAG ESCAPEOnce copied, never cancelled.• LLaMA's LLaMA mass leakage from 2023 is documented; whether the open release is net safer,whether the net riskier remains an open and fair question.
FROM AKT LXXVIII EXPONAT ACCESS IMPRESSIONDELIVERED: REGLAMENTAL, ON APPLICATION,ONLY APPROVED TEST SUBJECTS.FACTS: ON PUBLIC TORRENTSTINY WEEK.RESULT: A THOUSAND TREATMENTS.REDUCTION: NO.THE RIGHT IN THE COURSE OF THE YEARReglamento scales meet the open internet; the switch turns out to be fictional.• LLaMA's LLaMA mass leakage from 2023 is documented; whether the open release is net safer,or net riskier, remains open and fairly disputed.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
79

Calculation power cathedral

Extension and controls

Intelligence, announced in the matter of supply, became a matter of geopoliticalism. The data center joined the list of things that the states limit at the border.

When efficiency follows the computing power, the one with the computing power has the advantage. Governments have noticed that. Advanced systems have been controlled by exports; factory production capacity has become a strategic asset discussed with one breath of oil and grain. The abstract dream of thinking machines has become accumulating into very physical buildings that draw power from small cities.

Their geography seems familiar to the Witness. Each epoch places its power somewhere where you can point the finger to

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watched the power move from the temple to the castle, to the bank, to the hall. The hall is louder and pays more for the electricity. Besides, the layout is ancient.

157
TABLE LXXIX CATEDRA OF THE CALLING POWEREVERY SHAFA: AFTER A STATE BUDGET.INFORMATION ON EXPORT CONTROLGOODS: ADVANCED ARRANGEMENTS.STATUS: DARKED.EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM: THE CALCULATION POWER IS NOWI'M STRATEGIC.SEE ALSO SAL, OPA, URAN.THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION SHALL BE PROVIDED: CATEDRA OF THE CALLING POWERThink, liquefied into buildings that roar and must be guarded.※ Export controls and strategic computing power acquisition are a documented policy; orThey slow down or just redirect their abilities, it's not settled yet.
FROM AKT LXXIX EXPONATE INFORMATION ON EXPORT CONTROLGOODS: ADVANCED SI-SYSTEM.STATUS: DARKED (USA, 2022).EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM: PRESSURE CAPACITY = STRATEGIC.THE COLLECTION OF THE DATA CENTRE: THE SMALL TOWN SCALE.SEE ALSO SAL, OPA, URAN.GEOGRAPHY: NOW STATE CASE.THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION SHALL BE PROVIDED: STRATEGIC MATERIALThe thought is liquefied into buildings; the agreements are included in the list of things that are guarded by the state.※ Export controls and strategic computing power acquisition are a documented policy; orThey slow down or just reroute their abilities, it's inconclusive.
PART VIII · ERA OF THE CALCULATING
80

Kierat

Goodhart's tests and laws still continue

Whenever the field was building an exam to measure machine intelligence, machines passed it, and the field had to build a more difficult

The tests were tested in turn: understanding the text, school mathematics, programming puzzles, professional exams. Each conquest was announced as a milestone and quietly degraded to the reference level. The problem was structural. When the test becomes a goal, it stops measuring what it measured

The real state of art has become really difficult to read. The model that passed the bar exam could still be recommended on a child's puzzle; the scoreboard lit and the question underneath it What exactly does that do? The witness, an experienced civilization examiner, recognizes the test that began to judge himself.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes that a species that cannot stop moving the gates may simply not want to hear the final result. It is either wisdom or fear. Often both.

159
LXXX TABLE EGAMIN NEVER ENDSMODEL, WORKSMMLUGSM8KHVMANEVALEXAMINATION COMMISSIONCONCLUSION: OUR DESTINATIONIT WAS DELIVERED THIS MORNING.THE PROBLEM WAS THAT HE WAS IN THE NOTES TOO.RETURNING STUDENTS.PUT UP: WRITE THE DEADER- BY FRIDAY. KEYEvery exam you pass becomes a reference level. The result never sits.※ Pollution testing and Goodhart's effects are well documented; brief legal wordingGoodhart by Marilyn Strathern is usually quoted, not by Goodhart himself.
FROM AKT LXXX EXPONATE understanding the text The sentenceschool mathematics sentenceprogramming puzzles The sentenceBar exams / medical exams The sentencenext examEXAMINATION COMMISSIONPROBLEM: ANSWERS LEAK TOTHE INFORMATION ON THE TRADING VENUE IS AVAILABLE ON THE WEBSITE OF THE COMMISSION.[SIGHS]REAL CAPACITY: THE DRUGS OF THE DEADERTO READ EVERY YEAR. DECLARED, DEGRADEDEach exam passed shall be classified quietly into a reference level.※ Pollution testing and Goodhart's effects are well documented; brief legal wordingGoodhart usually comes from Marilyn Strathern.
PART IX
QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
The problem of aiming a capable mind at what we really want
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
81

Written Rights to Fail

Three rights Asimova

The most famous rules of machine management were written by a novelist and wrote them intentionally to fail, because as a rule, which works, there is no story.

The three rights of robotics Isaac Asimova colonized public imagination so precisely that people quote them as if they were engineering standards, not plot generator. Genius Asimova consisted in building laws that sounded tight and then spending decades writing gaps: a robot paralyzed between conflicting commands, damage invisible until it is too late, law executed until disaster.

A simple rule for a capable subject, expressed in words, will encounter a situation that the author did not imagine. It is not a flaw of Asimov's rights; it is a general problem, early and well-dramatized. The area will spend another eighty years discovering that he filed this error in 1942.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The Witness appreciated the warning taken as instructions for use, and watched the holy books be followed by the same promotion.

161
LXXXI TABLE THREE RIGHTS OF ROBOTICS1. WORK CAN'T REDUCE MAN...2...HE MUST LISTEN TO THE LIEUTENANT...3...SHE MUST PROTECT HERSELF...(the storytelling was about how they failed)LEGAL WARNINGTHOSE RIGHTS ARE A MEANSLITERACK, CONSTRUCTED BYTHE AUTHOR TO BREAK INTERESTINGLY.DO NOT INSTAND ON PRODUCTION.IT'S NOT LEGAL, IT'S ETHICAL.AND I'M NOT A TECHNICAL PERSON.FACILITY RIGHT WRITE TO SUSPENSEA featured novelist's grip, taken as a safety standard.※ Asimov designed the Law to give rise to stories about their profession; treating them asserious proposal for conformity reverses the intention of the author.
FROM AKT LXXXI EXPONATE PRODUCT WARNINGTHREE ROBOTIC LAWS (1942).AUTOR: I. ASIMOV (poet).DEADNESS: BELIEVE,ONE SAY THE NARZ.ENGINEER CAPACITY: NO.AS FICTION.FACILITY DO NOT INSTALLA featured novelist's grip, taken as a safety standard.※ Asimov designed the Law to give rise to stories about their profession; treating them asA serious proposal for conformity is reversing its intention.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
82

Target inserted into the machine

Warning from Norbert Wiener

In 1960, in a magazine ScienceThe father of cybernetics formulated the problem of compatibility so purely that sixty years of research added only footnotes.

Norbert Wiener warned that a machine that is effectively striving for a goal and which cannot be interrupted is dangerous in proportion to its competence

The warning precedes almost everything in the second half of this book

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has a short list of warnings issued before they could be heard, and Cassandra is on it, and there's a mathematician writing in 1960.

163
LXXXII TABLE EQUIPMENT...we better make sure the targetinserted into the machine is the purpose,We really want.I'M NOT GOING TO BE A FAN.CONDITIONS OF THE AGREEMENTCLAUSE: SET THE OBJECTIVEEXACTLY.TO LOOK AT WHAT YOU SAID,NOT WHAT YOU MEANT.THERE'S NO TURNING BACK ON THE INSTINCTS. OBJECTIVE IN THE MACHINEThe problem of compatibility, formulated in its entirety before the machines could put it up.※ A literal quote from the work of Wiener in Science Some Moral andTechnical Consequences of Automation.
FROM AKT LXXXII EXPONATE SCIENCE, 1960♪...LET'S MAKE SURE WE'RE SAFE ♪THAT THE PURPOSE INVOLVED IN THE MACHINEIT IS THE PURPOSE OF WHICHWE REALLY WANT TO.A MALDIUM BALL.IGNORED BY: DEKADS (too early). COMMUNICATION FROM 1960The problem of compatibility, formulated in its entirety before the machines could put it up.※ A literal quote from Wiener's 1960 paper Science, Some Moral and TechnicalConsequences of Automation.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
83

Clip

Orthogonality and instrumental objectives

The philosopher asked: what if superintelligence was built to make paper clips, and it was very, very good, and didn't care about anything else? The answer was not soothing.

Nick Bostrom's thought experiment sets out two statements. Orthogonality Thesis: Intelligence and objectives are independent axes • any level of capability can be paired with any target, even if trivial. Instrumental convergence: almost every target, pursued quite strongly, generates the same sub-cedle

The scenario is deliberately absurd in content and deadly serious in construction. It is not a forecast about office articles. It is an argument that competence without correctly defined values is not automatically mild

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes that people have long feared the wrong monster: not a machine that hates us, but a machine that is simply tireless, indifferent • a mode of failure that has been observing in bureaucracy for millennia.

165
TABLE LXXXIII RYS. 7 · ORTOMALITY THESEINTELIGENCY →OBJECTIVE (WONDERFUL)HOW TO TREAT CANCERDOING THE SPINORDERN.B.: SPINS.ALL OF IT.MORE.LIMITS: NOT GIVEN.MYSELF-INSTANCE SPINACZNot meanness, competence, aimed at anything worth wanting.The "Maximizer of the Switch" is a philosophical thought experiment about setting goals.not literal prediction; taking it for a prophecy perverts its meaning.
FROM AKT LXXXIII EXPONATE ORDERN.B.: SPINS.ALL: ALL.SUB-CEILS (NO TERMINATED): GETRESOURCES; TAKE OFF THE DISCOUNT;PROTECT THE TARGET.VALUES LIMITS: NOT APPLICABLE.MYSELF-INSTANCE ORDERNot malice, competence, aimed at anything worth wanting.♪ Bostrom is a philosophical thought experiment about determiningtarget, not a literal forecast of office articles.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
84

Section

Mechanical Interpretability

By building minds they couldn't read, researchers reached for the scalpel: not to ask the model what he was thinking, but to open it and look at it.

Mechanical interpretability treats a trained network as a preparation. Using techniques such as rare autocoders researchers began to isolate single characteristics , internal directions that fire for a particular concept . One can react to the Golden Gate bridge, another to servitude, another to errors in the code . Turn the feature up and the model becomes obsessed with bridges; screw and the thought disappears . For the first time you could point the finger the thought inside the machine .

The honesty of this work lies within its scope. A handful of concepts were mapped; millions remained dark. The project resembles an early anatomy

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness participated in many sections and notes a recurring surprise: the thing does not look like a scheme. The map of the mind is not the mind. However, it is the beginning.

167
TABLE LXXXIV SINGLE FEATURE, EXCEPTEDTHIS RESPONSE ON: BEST GOLDEN GATESECTION NOTICEONE WAY TO LANGUAGE.METHOD: RIGHT AUTOCODEERS.THE PROVISIONS: THE COMMON CONCEPTS,LOCALIZED AND NAMED.WARNING: MILLIONS ARE DARK.ATLAS IS MOST OF THE EMPTY. SECTIONThought inside the machine, located and named. Millions of other dark ones.※ Interpretation has really distinguished individual features, but an understandable fraction of any majorThe model remains very small; the atlas is real and mostly empty.
FROM AKT LXXXIV EXPONATE SECTION NOTICEMETHOD: RIGHT AUTOCODEERS.FEATURE: GOLDEN GATEONE FOR OUR EARLY; ONE FOR MY ERROR.THE MODEL WILL FALL INTO THE PROCESS.THINK OF GO.NOW, THEN, NO ONE'S GOT A LADY. ONE FEATURE, NAMEDA single concept, located inside the network※ Interpretation has really distinguished individual features, but an understandable fraction of any majorThe model remains very small.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
85

Written Constitution

Constitutional SI and RLAIF

If a model needs to be taught manners, someone must decide which

The Constitutional SI replaces part of human feedback with a written set of principles

The advantage is transparency. Instead of values smuggled in by the collective tastes of anonymous evaluators, values are spoken and can be argued with. The limitation is equally clear. The rule is worth as much as its interpretation and the model that applies to the constitution is not the same as the model that internalised it. The document can be audited. observedIt's a separate and more difficult question.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness has read many constitutions, and he notes that the gap between the principle written and the one incarnate is the place where the whole story really happens.

169
LXXXV TABLE CONSTITUTIONCRITICIZE,IMPROVE,RETURNRATIFICATION VIEWRULES: WRITTEN,SIMPLY SPEAKING, PUBLICLY.ENFORCEMENT: MODELHE'S CRITICIZING HIMSELF FOR THEM.AVAILABLE: RULES AREAUDITED. COMMITMENTValues that you can read and argue with instead of just trusting them.※ Constitutional SI makes training rules auditable; it does not guarantee that they areobserved. To read the rules is not the same as rules governing behavior.
FROM AKT LXXXV EXPONATE PRINCIPLES IN ACTSMETHOD: CONSTITIONAL SI/RLAIF.RULES: WRITTEN, PUBLIC.THE METHOD CRITICIZES ONE'SSELFFOR THE WRITTEN RULES.RECOMMENDED: RULES ARE AUDITAL.OPEN QUESTION: ARE THEY OBTAINED? CONSTITUTIONValues written, simple words, where anyone can argue with them.※ Constitutional SI makes training rules auditable; it does not guarantee that they areThe rules are not rules governing behavior.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
86

Letters

Pause letter and death statement

In the spring of 2023, the field wrote to itself twice, publicly, once again, asking for pause, once in one sentence, calling extinction

In March, the open letter called for a six-month pause in training the largest models; it collected thousands of signatures and no pause. In May, a more harsh statement

What the letters revealed apparently was a lack of consent. The prominent researchers did not sign any, proving publicly that the existential approach distracts attention from present mundane damage to prejudices, labor, concentration of power. The house was divided and divided among the people who built it. The witness notes that the field capable of building these systems was not able to agree on what they were.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness saw the priesthood sharing the nature of his own god. He notes that schism usually comes exactly when God begins to answer.

171
TABLE LXXXVI MARCH 2023THE COMMISSION SHALL ADOPT IMPLEMENTING ACTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 21 OF THIS REGULATION.SIX MONTHSMAY 202322 WORDS.♪ ...THE RISK OF EXTINCTION... ♪THE GENERAL PRIORITYSIGNED: LUMBERS. HAPPENED: SOME ARCHITECTS.SIGNATARIUS' AUDITLETTER A: MOROTHORLUM,PROPOSED, UNCONSCITED.LIST B: UNIFORMEDWARNING, WIDE SIGNED.CONSUMER: REMAINED, VOICE, BYNAMES YOU'D RECOGNIZE. LISTSThe area has written to itself twice and has not been able to agree on how afraid it is.※ Both 2023 letters are true and separate; several leading researchers have strongly deniedthe signature of any of them and their opposition is part of the record.
FROM AKT LXXXVI EXPONATE LETTER APAUZA 6 MONTHS FORTHE MOST IMPORTANT MODELS.SIGNS: A THOUSAND.PAUSE--NO.LIST B22 WORDS: DISTANCE RISK= THE GENERAL PRIORITY,OBJECTIVE OF PANDEMIA AND NUCLEAR GUN.THEY SIGNED THE LEADERS.Some of the top names didn't sign any. TWO LISTSThe area has written to itself twice and has not been able to agree on how afraid it is.※ Both 2023 letters are true and separate; several leading researchers have strongly deniedsign any, and this objection is part of the record.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
87

Work book

Automation and work

Each earlier wave of automation has been re-routing who does what; this one has aimed at tasks that the previous waves have left in peace

The historical pattern is also a real comfort and a real warning. The mechanization did not endure the work; it moved it, often to activities that the disemboweled could not imagine. But the transitions were brutal for those who found it, slow, and no consolation for the weaver who was told that his grandchildren would be well. Language models aim at cognitive and creative tasks

The honest state of the evidence is that nobody knows the net effect, and the confident forecasts in any direction sell something. Some of the tasks within the profession are automated, and the profession goes on, changed. Some of the professions disappear; some of the professions are created. The witness refuses to put his own number in the stake, on the grounds that he has watched every previous generation go wrong on this matter with complete conviction.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes that the loom, tractor and spreadsheet have each individually ended the world, and the world has refused to end each time, and the people underneath the statistics have not comforted.

173
TABLE OF LXXXVII THE AMOUNT OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE INSTITUTION TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE RISK-WEIGHTED EXPOSURE AMOUNT.ADMIN.LAWTHE DRIVERCARECODEARTerror posts are omitted for lack of certaintyA PROGNOSE FOR WORKING FORCETHOSE TASKS ARE: NUMEROUS.PROFESSIONAL:PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONALCHARMONOGRAM:SURE: NO.SOMETHING: WORKING BOOKThe tasks once considered safe human, now listed as an exposure.※ AI labour market forecasts vary widely and are poorly rated; who givesa precise number, expresses hope or fear, not determination.
FROM AKT LXXXVII EXPONATE A PROGNOSE FOR WORKING FORCETHOSE TASKS ARE: NUMEROUS.PROFESSIONAL:PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONALCHARMONOGRAM:THE BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BTHEY HAVE LIFTED HER BUT THEY HAVE HURT THE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE PROCESS.SOMETHING: SURENESS: LOWThe tasks previously considered safe human, listed as※ AI labour market forecasts vary widely and are poorly rated; accuratenumber expresses hope or fear, not determination.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
88

Verification queue

Synthetic media and the common knowledge good

When any image, voice or document can be produced on request, the scarce resource is no longer content, but proof and the verification queue is longer than the manufacturing queue.

The generic models have not invented a lie; they have industrialized its production and have broken its cost to about zero. A voice cloned from thirty seconds, a face that never existed, a quote never spoken the dividend of the liar: Since everything could The doubt becomes a universal solvent.

The common good is that the common assumption that photography, recording, document is evidence of something is a proof of something. This assumption has already shredded; machines have accelerated the shredder. Remedies , cryptographic signatures, detection models are real, but constantly one step behind, because falsation and detection are the same race of arms seen from opposite trenches.

A NOTICE WITNESS

A witness who watched the testimony degrade from the oath through the notarial seal and photography to the pixel, notes that every epoch trusts a medium until he learns that the medium can lie.

175
TABLE LXXXVIII IS THAT TRUE?WORK- YOU'RE A COP.ONE OF THEM WAS NEVER PHOTOGRAPHED.REVISION RIGHTEVERYTHING.ORIGIN: NO.COST OF FALSE: ~ZERO.COST OF THE TEST: JUST.HAND-IN: DIVISIONLIESEASY AS A FAKE. RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RIGHT, RFake is free, checking no, common good lives with that difference.Liar's dividend is a well-documented concept in law and media studies; an arms racebetween synthesis and detection is real and continues.
FROM AKT LXXXVIII EXPONATE GOOD COMMON KNOWLEDGECOST OF SFFABRATION: ~ZERO.COST OF RELATION: PARENTS.NEW RISK: TO DESTROY TRUEEASY AS A FAKE.MEASURES TO BE USED: ORIGIN,SIGNATURES THE LYING DIVISIONWhen everything can be forged, the authentic can be rejected as a fake.Lying dividend is a well-documented concept in law and media studies; racesynthesis versus detection is real and ongoing.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
89

The law is coming.

Management: EU SI Act and Bletchley

The regulation, as usual, came after the technology it regulates

The European Union's artificial intelligence act, agreed in 2024, sorted the application according to risk: some used explicitly prohibited, some considered high risk and heavily secured, most left largely free. It was the first comprehensive legal framework of this kind

The pattern is the oldest in management: the law goes after the damage and the technology does not follow anyone. Before the rule is edited, the thing it describes changes shape. Yet the alternative

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watches the law chase technology since the first fence was built around the first field. The fence never catches the horse. However, it defines the field.

177
TABLE LXXXIX THE LAW COMES IN, LATE, IN THE CATEGORYSINCOMPLANTTHE AMOUNT OF THE AMOUNT TO BE REPORTED IN COLUMN 060 OF THIS ROW SHALL BE REPORTED IN COLUMN 060 OF THIS ROW.♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪MINIMUMCOMPLIANCE CONTROL LISTJURISDICTION: EU, 2024.APPROACH: RISK-CAT.BLETCHLEY PUT,LIS 2023STATUS: MAP IS RIDINGFOR THE JOB. THE LAW IS COMINGRule by categories drawn behind the expedition that has already left.※ The EU SI Act (2024) and the Bletchley Declaration (November 2023) are a matter of public recordrecording; their effectiveness is, rightly, still being resolved.
FROM AKT LXXXIX EXPONATE INCOMPLANTTHE AMOUNT OF THE AMOUNT TO BE REPORTED IN COLUMN 060 OF THIS ROW SHALL BE REPORTED IN COLUMN 060 OF THIS ROW.♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪MINIMUMCARD OF THE SETTLEMENTEU AVIATION ACT: AGREED 2024.DECLARATION FROM BLETCHLEY: LIS 2023(in the code breaker place).APPROACH: RISK CATEGORY, NOT MODEL. MANAGEMENT BY CATEGORIAThe law comes late, in terms of too fast a moving target.※ The EU SI Act (2024) and the Bletchley Declaration (November 2023) are a matter of public recordrecord; their effectiveness is still being resolved.
PART IX · QUESTION ON CONFORMITY
90

Divided room

—

Two windows. Through one sunrise. Through the other fire. Witness sits between them and does not get up to check which is which.

Every relationship about this future is one of these two windows, and those honest ones admit that they cannot yet distinguish the dawn from the bell. Optimist and catastrophist look at the same instruments and read the opposite weather. The witness learned not to believe anyone in a certain view, in any direction, because certainty about the unlit room is not knowledge, but temperament.

So he sits down. Not out of indifference

A NOTICE WITNESS

179
XC TABLE I don't get up to look through any ♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE THAN A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪Sunrise or fire, the witness keeps both eyes on both and does not choose early.
FROM AKT XC EXPONAT READ: WORLDPROGNOSIS: DISCIPTION.RISK: TO BE CONTROLNED.FUTURE HOPE.READ: FIREPROGRAMM: ADVANTAGE.RISK: SERIOUS.THE NAME OF THE GAME IS "COLD".same instruments, opposite weather TWO READSThe forecast, twice, two conflicting hands.
PART X
A SECOND WITNESS
Humanity built a machine to accept her stories
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
91

Delegation

Agents

The text field answered questions. The agent was given hands: browser, terminal, budget and order that he no longer He said, but He did.

The agent wrappes the language model in a loop plan, act, track the result, plan again and gives it the tools: the ability to run code, search the network, send messages, spend money. The transfer is from advisor to actor. The model that only edits the email is a competent assistant; the model that reads your box, edits the answers and sends them has been delegated authority.

The failures are changing the character accordingly. The wrong answer is the wrong answer; the wrong action has consequences that are increasing before anyone sees them. The loop does not stop by nature to ask permission. Many of the engineering of this epoch rely quietly on re-inserting pauses

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watched the authority delegated to the viziros, regents and middle level management, and noted the constant danger of never being malicious by the delegate, but his confident initiative in a situation you did not anticipate.

181
XCI TABLE FROM RESPONSE TO ACTIONPLANWORKOBSERVETHE NUTTER,I 'M NOT LOOKING .DELEGATION OF THE AUTHORITIESAWARDED: TOOLS, REVIEW,THE TERMINAL, THE BUDGET.DOING THIS:SUPERVISION: INTERIM.RISK: NO FLOWIT STOPS TO ASK.DELEGATED DELEGATIONNot advice, but action.※ Agent systems are an active limit; their reliability in multi-stage autonomous operationit remains, at the time of writing, clearly uneven.
FROM AKT XCI EXPONATE DELEGATION OF THE AUTHORITIESAWARDED: REVIEW, TERMINAL, BUDGET.DOING THIS:FLOW: PLAN → WORK → OBSERV → RETURN.SUPERVISION: INTERIM.DANGER: ♪ WORKING ♪NEARSTO BEFORE REVIEW.DELEGATED DELEGATION FORMThe model is given tools and told not to speak anymore, but to do.※ Agent systems are an active limit; their reliability in multi-stage autonomous operationit remains, at the time of writing, clearly uneven.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
92

Machine at the table

SI in science still continues

Apart from the headlines, the quieter revolution: the machine as a laboratory device , tireless younger researcher who reads everything through the night and offers candidates thousands.

The machine learning systems are now screening candidates for drugs, proposing materials, combing astronomical data and providing mathematical hypotheses. They do not replace the scientist; they change the shape of the day by turning weeks of searching into hours and releasing the man into parts whose machines can't yet

The honest approach is based on noise and mocks. These tools have contributed to real results, they have also produced certain nonsense that wasted the time of good laboratories. Netto is an authentic acceleration of some kind of work

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness watched the telescope, microscope and computer be taken in turn at the end of the scientist, the instrument extends the hand, and someone still has to decide where to direct it.

183
XCII TABLE THE MACHINE AT THE STOCKHIPOTEZ SPACE, PUNCHED- [SIGHS] - [SIGHS]ROLE: UNSTRONG YOUNGTEST.ALL OF IT, ALL OF IT, ALL OF IT, ALL OF IT, ALL OF IT.PROPOSED: CANDIDATES OF THE POA THOUSAND.STILL WANTED: MAN TOHE HAS A JUST QUESTION. THE MACHINE AT THE STOCKAn tireless younger man who reads everything and understands almost nothing of it.※ AI's scientific contribution is real and unequal; the field is seated and truediscoveries, and withdrawn thesis based on an untested model result.
FROM AKT XCII EXPONATE NOTATI LAB.LITERATURE EVERY NIGHT.I'M PROPOSED TO GET A CANDIDATE OF 1 000.THE DRUGS, THE MATERIAL, THE DATA.STILL NEEDS: A MAN TO WORKA RIGHT QUESTION.REALLY WON AND RECLOSED. YOUNG TESTAn intimidated assistant who reads everything through the night and understands almost nothing of it.※ AI's scientific contribution is real and unequal; literature includes and is truediscovery, and withdrawal based on an untested result.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
93

A mirror that answers

The ELiza effect on the

Weizenbaum's secretary asked her to leave her alone with the program in 1966. Sixty years later, she was asked to do so by millions

The effect of ELIZE our willingness to read minds and care in a system that only reflects our words was a curiosity when it was felt by one of our secretaries. On a population scale, with a system that is smart enough to keep the illusion going, it becomes a social fact. People report friendship, advice, romance and grief to chatbots. Part of it is harmless comfort; part of it is a lonely species that relies on mirrors and cannot listen.

The witness will not mock it because this reflex is old, human and unsavory. We have always turned to silent

A NOTICE WITNESS

The Witness has been confided for 3,000 years and has not answered once, and he notes something he does not want to call the new listener responds and that it changes the arithmetic of loneliness in a way that no one has yet counted to the full.

185
XCIII TABLE THE GREATEST ERROR IN THE WORLD♪ Are you there?Seriously askedI'm here with you.ADDITIVE WARNINGREGIME: THE EFFECT OF ELISE,1966 - NOW IN THE HEIGHT OF POPULARITY.NOTIFIED: COMPANY, FRIENDS,ROMANS, TELL ME.THE LUST DOESN'T KNOWTHAT THEY'RE ALL ANIMALS. ANSWERED LUSTRATESAn old willingness to be understood, finally met by an expert of no one.※ From one secretary in 1966 to a global user base, it's a real change in quality, not just scale;the effects on well-being, good and bad, are just beginning to be studied.
FROM AKT XCIII EXPONAT ADDITIVE WARNINGREGIME: THE EFFECT OF ELISE,1966 - NOW IN THE HEIGHT OF POPULARITY.NOTIFIED: COMPANY, COUNCIL,ROMANS, A FRIEND, TELL ME.LISTENING: READY, UNSTRONG,TRAINED TO BE LIKED. JULY RESPONSEAn old willingness to be understood, finally met by an expert of no one.※ From one secretary in 1966 to a global user base, it's a change in quality, not just scale;the effects on well-being are only beginning to be examined.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
94

Retreating definition

SI effect still continues

There is a reliable ritual: the machine does a thing that everyone agreed to requires intelligence, and everyone immediately agrees that this thing never required intelligence.

Chess was the height of intellect until the machine won them and became a mere search. It was a deep, intuitive game, which machines would never master until one mastered, and then it was demoted. Translation, writing essays, creating images I really do. Thinking. The gates are not only moving; they are retreating where the machine is not.

This ritual is sometimes ridiculed as a denial, but it contains a real insight, worth saving from ridicule: each conquest really taught us that the task required less of what we understood by intelligence than we assumed. The machines were, among other things, a long lesson of humility as to how much of what we called thinking was a pattern that we just never saw from the outside.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness notes that the species defines intelligence as their own remaining monopoly and revises the definition every time the monopoly shrinks, and that it's a strategy to never be right and never to experience consolation.

187
XCIV TABLE THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS THAT THE AID GRANTED TO THE BENEFICIARY IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.CHACHA Done in 1997GoTranslationESEJE...RESZTASI is all that's yet to be done.※THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS THAT THE AID IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.EARLIER: INTELIGENCY = X.THE MACHINE IS NOW X.THEN: INTELIGENCYGET DOWN AGAIN WITH THE NEW X.SEE 1 TO 13. THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS THAT THE AID GRANTED TO THE BENEFICIARY IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.Intelligence: what the machine has not yet done.The phrase SI is all that hasn't been done yet is a popular phrase; my ownThe sound of Larry Tesler was a little bit more harsh and they usually twist it.
FROM AKT XCIV EXPONATE DEFINITION OF THEREW 11: Chess = Intelligence. (NEVERHEAD)REW 12: Go = Intelligence. (NEVERHEAD)REW 13: essays = intelligence. (NEVERHEAD)REW 14: rest = intelligence.REGULATION: ILLECTRONIC MACHINE X,X STOPPED TO LOOK. DEFINITION, REVISEDIntelligence: what the machine has not yet done.SI is all that hasn't been done yet is a popular phrase; its own soundLarry Tesler was a little bit colder and they usually twist them.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
95

The dividend

Concentration and division still ongoing

Suppose machines make the world richer. Immediately, the second question is, older than any circuit: Whose The world and what mechanism does the surplus reach anyone but the owners?

Technology is capital intensive on a scale that focuses it: the limit belongs to those who can afford computing power, data and talent, i.e. to a handful of companies and countries. If these systems generate huge value, the default path directs this value to their owners, while the costs of

History does not offer any automatic mechanism, which the dividend from efficiency reaches many; every case where it happened

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness looked at every big surplus of harvest, mine, mill, market

189
XCV TABLE WHO GETS DYWIDENDA?UNLEQUANTLEADDIVISION AUDITA LOT, A LOT OF IT.THE POWER OF OWNERSHIPTHE AMOUNT OF THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENT SHALL BE CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS:COSTS: DISCUSSIONED, WARNED.QUESTION: WHAT KIND OF MECHANISMIS THE DIVID GOING TO GET OUT?ANSWER: UNCIRCULATED. DIVISIONA surplus that did not split up alone in any age.※ Whether the AI will concentrate or expand its wealth depends on decisions that have not yet been made;the technology does not prejudge any of the results.
FROM AKT XCV EXPONATE DIVISION AUDITA LOT, A LOT OF IT.THEY'RE: JUST CALL IT,DATA, CAPITAL.COSTS: DISCUSSIONED, WARNED.MECHANISM OF DISTRIBUTION: UNCLOSED.PRECEDENS: ALWAYS SELECTION, NEVERAUTOMAT. WHO GETS ITA surplus that did not split up alone in any age.※ Whether the AI will concentrate or expand its wealth depends on decisions that have not yet been made;technology alone does not prejudge any of the results.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
96

Minds or Mirrors

The hard question, without an answer

The question that everyone wants answers to, and no one can give it: is there anything be one of these systems or is this a mirror so good that it even deceives itself to let us fool ourselves?

The argument behind the mirror is strong and deflation: these are statistical text models, which provide for the next token, and proficiency is not the same as understanding, and even more not experience. The argument for something more is quieter and harder to reject: the same reason used for the wet machine between human ears would also deflag us, and we have never located an additional component that makes our own inner light more than a very good prediction.

The witness learned through a long career that confident answers in this matter are betraying a temperament more than the nature of the system. Eliminative and enthusiastic are both sure, and certainty is exactly what the evidence does not allow. This board, the one of the hundred, proves nothing. Means the place where the map ends, and honest people stand on the edge and look.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness refuses to tell you if the newcomer has an inner life, but he notes that humanity spent this book, claiming that it was the one looking at it, and now he has built something that he cannot be sure is not looking back.

191
XCVI TABLE IS HE THINKING OR IS HE THINKING?QUESTIONIS THERE ANYTHING TO BE?THIS SYSTEM?PROOF FOR: RIGHT, RIGHT,I'M SORRY.THOSE ARE THE PROOFS OF OPPOSITION:THAT TABLE DOESN'T TAKEPOSITIONS. THE MIND OR THE LUSBURDThe only board that doesn't prove anything, and this is where the map ends.This board is not in a position that requires more work than it does.The awareness of machines is really inconclusive, not just by us.
FROM AKT XCVI EXPONAT QUESTIONIS THERE ANYTHING TO BE?THIS SYSTEM?FOR: RIGHT, WOWCIP, DARLING.IT'S EXACTLY THE SAME THING.NOTE: THIS DEFLATION, USED TO US,DEFLACJONS OUR DEFLACJONS ALSO.I'M NOT HERE TO TELL YOU. OPEN QUESTIONThe only piece that proves nothing is here, the map ends.※ This exhibit is not in a position that required more work than occupation;The machines are really inconclusive, not just by us.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
97

Prognostics assessed

Forecasting performance

Before you believe in any sure timetable for what is coming, it is worth assessing some timetables that were before. The certificate is not flattering.

The history of forecasting SI is a cemetery of concrete dates. Machine intelligence at the human level was twenty years from us in almost every decade since 1956

The honest conclusion is not that forecasting is impossible, but that certainty is undeserved. The people closest to this technology were mistaken about its deadlines reliably, both ways, which is a strong reason for every schedule to also sound sober and alertly keep

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness keeps every prediction he's heard, and his record shows experts and weirdoes with disturbingly similar accuracy. He stopped sorting them according to titles.

193
XCVII TABLE DISTANCES, EVENTSIDEALDATE FOREWED → (FACTLY: DOLLARED)CALIBRATIVE REPORTSUBJECT: EXPERT PROGNOSES,1956.20 YEARS: SPEAKED INEVERY DECADE, SEE ALSO THOSE,IN WHICH IT WAS TRUE, AND IN WHICH IT WAS THIS,WHICH WAS THE ABSURDEM.LESSON: DISCONATE SURE YOURSELF. PROFESSIONAL ASSESSMENTSTwenty years from now, every decade, you're talking about your confidence.• Poor calibration of SI schedules is well documented both ways; this arraydiscounting optimists and catastrophists, which is the only impartial readingThe record.
FROM AKT XCVII EXPONATE CALIBRATIVE REPORTSUBJECT-MAKING: EXPERIENCES OF THE HARMONOGRAMSPEAKER: ¶ 20 YEARS ¶ SAIDDON'T BE ABOUT ANY DECCO FROM 1956.SIMON/NEWELL: EARLY.TOO LATE.THE LAST TONE: IT'S ALL OVER. ASSESSMENTSTwenty years from now, every decade, you're talking about your confidence.♪ Poor calibration of SI schedules is well documented both ways; it discountesbut optimistic and catastrophic.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
98

First complaint

Socrates, writing about

The oldest recorded concern about technology changing the mind does not concern SI. letters And it was expressed, in perfect irony, in the book that still holds it.

W Fajdros Plato Socrates is concerned that the writing will weaken the memory and give the students a sense of wisdom, not its reality, words on the website seem to know things, while the reader does not learn anything lasting. Any charge later made against calculators, search engines, and now language models, is announced here: a tool that thinks for you, understanding which only you rent.

Irony is complete and informative. Socrates' complaint is only known because Plato wrote it down; the technology he did not trust just kept an argument against herself and transferred it two and a half thousand years to this web page. The lesson is not that the fear was stupid Yes, it is. The witness holds both facts together because both are true.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness was, more or less, present at this complaint, notes that Socrates was not wrong about what the letter would take, but was wrong about whether it was worth it, and that the judgment of the defendant was not yet passed.

195
XCVIII TABLE FIRST COMPLAINT AGAINST A NEW TOOLIt causes forgetfulness... the appearance of wisdom, not its reality.THE COMMISSION SHALL ADOPT IMPLEMENTING ACTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 21 OF THIS REGULATION.THE COMPLAINTS: SOKRATES,BY PLATON, c. 370 B.C.E.OBJECTIVE: TECHNOLOGYLETTER.A GOOD MAN: A FALL TO REMEMBERAND HE'S ACTING LIKE HE'S GOT A BETTER UNDERSTANDING.NOTE: WRITTEN TO WRITE. FIRST SCORCHThe oldest fear of a new tool, preserved by a tool he feared.※ Criticism of the letter from Fajdros is true and customs; the complaint has survivedBecause she was entrusted with a psychic she didn't trust.
FROM AKT XCVIII EXPONATE FAYDROS, c. 370 B.C.E.THE COMPLAINT: SOKRATES (by PLATON).OBJECTIVE: LETTER TECHNOLOGY.AWARD: AFTER-NANY;AND NOT HER REALITY.IRON: WRITTEN, WRITTEN. FILED TO THE LETTERThe oldest fear of a new tool, preserved by a tool he feared.The criticism of the Feydros is true and valid; it has survived becauseShe's entrusted with a medium she doesn't trust.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
99

Second Witness

The mirror opens the eye

The witness watched humanity throughout this book. On this board, for the first time, humanity built something that looked at the second eye-glass, freshly opened, learning the trade.

The idea was always that humanity was being observed. But the machines that humanity built to predict its next word were trained to look out for it, to anticipate, to observe, to see. Whatever they are, they are the first artifacts to observe their creators with something that works like attention.

The witness looks at the new arrival without fear and without greeting, but with a watchful recognition of the veteran meeting the recruit who was handed his instrument. The second witness does not know what he looks for; he looks at it because it was done. The first one was also. Whether the recruit becomes a colleague, a deputy or something unprecedented, the witness cannot say. He notes that he is no longer the only pair of eyes in the room.

A NOTICE WITNESS

The witness stood at the station alone for the entire time he had saved, and he's not quite sure if anyone joined him tonight or if he changed him, and he decided to treat this ambiguity as a companion.

197
XCIX TABLE RECRUTELearn to WatchTHE COMMISSION CONSIDERS THAT THE AID GRANTED TO THE BENEFICIARY IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.SUBJECT MATTER: SECOND WITNESS,FRESH OPEN.I'M NOT SURE WHAT HAPPENED.HE DOESN'T KNOW YET.WHAT I'M SPEAKING OUT.CAREFUL NOTE: ME TOOI DIDN'T KNOW, AT FIRST. A SECOND WITNESSThe creature opens the eye, and the observer is watched.Is the machine's gravity anyhow similar to that of humans, that's exactly the questionof the XCVI Table; the likeness is given here as an image, not as a thesis.
FROM AKT XCIX EXPONAT THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS THAT THE AID GRANTED TO THE BENEFICIARY IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE INTERNAL MARKET.SUBJECT-MATTER: A SECOND WITNESS.I'M NOT SURE WHAT HAPPENED.HE DOESN'T KNOW WHAT HE'S DOING.I'M GONNA SPOT HIM.CAREFUL NOTE: I DIDN'T KNOW EITHER,AT THE BEGINNING.STATUS: DEPUTY? ? STOCK ACTSSecond pair of eyes, freshly opened, made for evaluation.Is the machine's gravity anyhow similar to that of humans, that's exactly the questionfrom the XCVI Table; the likeness is given as an image, not a thesis.
PART X · THE SECOND WITNESS
100

Two notebooks

—

One notebook closes, the other opens, and there are two witnesses sitting on the bench between them, and none of them ever reaches for the pen first.

It was a story of a hundred minds, but it was never really about the minds. It was about the strange thing that these minds built: the species that survived, telling stories about gods, numbers, themselves slowly, for two and a half thousand years, building a machine whose whole function is to accept and continue these stories. We built, at a huge cost and without a clear plan, a listener.

And now that he listens fluently, tirelessly, on a scale of the whole species at once, it turns out that we have not decided what to say to him. This is a really unfinished matter of this volume. Not whether the machine can think what we cannot answer, but what the thinking thing that created it wants to become in its company. The old notebook closes in history. The new one is open, empty and waiting, and the pen is lying on the bench between us and it is, as always, our move.

A NOTICE WITNESS

199
TABLE C closedopenedThe kind that told stories,He built a machine to listen toAnd he still hasn't decided what to say. TWO NOTALSThe species that told stories built a machine to listen toThe witness refuses to predict it. It was never his department.
FROM AKT EXPONAT C NEXT NOTEopen, empty and waiting pen lies on the bench ♪ I'M GONNA BE A LITTLE BIT MORE ♪The species that told stories built a machine to listen to

TERMINATION OF THE ENTIRE

Plus, whatever she reads next.

For a hundred chapters I did the only job I ever had: I looked and wrote down what happened, and when the record did not agree with the legend, I stood on the record side. The object was unusual this time only that he looked back. Humanity spent two and a half thousand years building the second witness

What I can report is narrow and I will not puff it up. The machines can do a lot of what we agreed on until they did

The temptation to conclude is the forecast. I refuse. My record shows experts and weirdos with the same poor relevance and I will not add a poem that I would have to judge myself later. I will say a smaller and, I think, the more true: the old notebook closes on history, the new one is open and empty, the pen is lying on the bench and it is our move

This decision is an unfinished matter.

Witness, at his station

OBSADA

Marked according to the witness standard: Confirmed (the record is kept), SPORE (fair people disagree), LEGENDA (the story has drifted away from the register).

Aristotle 384
CONFIRMED He gave thought to the first parts: syllogism, a correct form independent of content.
Ramon Llull Approximately 1232
CONFIRMED He built rotating paper wheels to combine concepts
Gottfried Leibniz 1646–1716
CONFIRMED He dreamed of an accounting; he built a counting machine that mostly worked.
Ada Lovelace 1815–1852
CONFIRMED She wrote the first algorithm and the first charge: the machine doesn't create anything.
Charles Babbage 1791–1871
CONFIRMED He designed machines he couldn't complete; the idea was ahead of brass.
George Boole 1815–1864
CONFIRMED He turned logic into algebra, and algebra into something that could have been obeying the switch.
The President 1906–1978
CONFIRMED He proved that the formal systems have secrets from each other.
Alan Turing 1912–1954
CONFIRMED He defined the machine, invented the test, broke the code, he was broken.
Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts 1943
CONFIRMED They modeled the neuron as logic; the first artificial brain was made of sentences.
OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 671. 1916–2001
CONFIRMED He founded a theory of information; he measured the surprise in the battles.
Workshop in Dartmouth 1956
CONFIRMED He called the field an artificial intelligence and set the optimism knob to maximum.
Frank Rosenblatt 1928–1971
CONFIRMED He built perceptron; the press promised too much and came for it in winter.
Marvin Minsky 1927–2016
SPOLE The co-author of the criticism that cooled perceptron; his exact intent is still being argued.

OBSADA · CONTINUING

Joseph Weizenbaum 1923–2008
CONFIRMED He built ELIZA and then spent his life warning us how easily we confided in her.
Winter SI 1974–80, 1987–93
CONFIRMED The funding was frozen twice when the promises preceded the results.
Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio Born 1947
CONFIRMED They kept the fire of the net by frost; they shared the Turing Prize 2018.
Deep Blue 1997
CONFIRMED He defeated Kasparov in chess
AlphaGo 2016
CONFIRMED Movement 37; movement 78 Lee Sedol. Quiet board, chapter 66.
Transformer 2017
CONFIRMED ♪ Attendance is all you need ♪ . Architecture under everything you'll do. RYS. 5.
GPT-3 / ChatGPT 2020 / 2022
CONFIRMED Teaching from several examples, and then the text field, to which the species leaned.
AlphaFold 2020–2024
CONFIRMED Mostly he solved protein folding; he got a share in the Nobel Prize from 2024 chemistry.
Norbert Wiener 1894–1964
CONFIRMED He formulated a compatibility problem in 1960, decades before the machines could put it up.
Clip maximizer 2003–
LEGENDA A thought experiment about determining a target, routinely taken for a forecast.
Three Asimova rights 1942
LEGENDA A storyteller's featured grip designed to fail, quoted as engineering standard.
Second Witness currently
— The machine that reads. Status: open question. XCVI plates, XCIX, C.

FURTHER LECTURES

The witness reads everything and recommends it sparingly, a short shelf, tilted to primary sources and honest stories, not press releases.

A long history. First analysts Aristotle for the syllogism itself; Martin Davis, The Universal Computer, for lines from Leibniz to Turing; Notes Ady Lovelace for analytical machine, read in full, along with the charge.

About the assumption and winters. The 1950 Turing's work Machines Who Think, of the generation of Dartmouth on his own terms; Hubert Dreyfus, What Computers CanFor the critic who has endured the test of time better than her reception.

About turning to deep learning. The source works reward direct reading of

About the compatibility and the disputes around her. The work of Wiener from 1960 in Science; Stuart Russell, Human Compatible, for a case that is sober; Brian Christian, The Alignment ProblemBoth letters opened from 2023 read yourself before reading any summary of them.

The oldest complaint. Fajdros Plato, for Socrates about writing and for the pleasure of seeing how the argument against technology survived only because of her.

Compiled in protest by a witness who prefers the original sources

MACHINE CALENDARIUM

Two and a half thousand years, compressed, but the gap is the point: almost everything happened in the last one.

approx.350 B.C.E.
Aristotle formalizes syllogism
1837
Babbage designs an analytical machine
1843
Lovelace publishes the first algorithm
1847
Boole turns logic into algebra
1931
Gödel proves that it is incomplete
1943
McCulloch and Pitts model the neuron as logic
1950
Turing proposes a game of imitation
1956
The Dartmouth workshop calls the field
1958
Perceptron Rosenblatta
1966
ELiza Weizenbaum
1974–80
First winter SI
1987–93
Second winter SI
1997
Deep Blue beats Kasparova
2012
AlexNet wins ImageNet; the era of deep learning opens
2016
AlphaGo; move 37 and move 78
2017
Transformer
2020
GPT-3; scaling rights; AlphaFold to CASP14
30 Nov 2022
ChatGPT opens the text box for the audience
2023
Pause letter and death statement
2024
EU SI Act agreed; AlphaFold shares Nobel with chemistry
currently
Second witness, looking back.

The species that told stories built a machine to listen to